Thursday, October 31, 2019
Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management Essay - 1
Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management - Essay Example Casa XXI was the resulting company with its three partners specifically created for Alvalade Stadium Complex. Casa XXI had immense experience of catering since decades. As per agreement Casa XXI got right to serve 9 avenues including Prestige, Corporate Club, Sports 21, Restaurant Casa XXI, Cafeteria, Cafà © for employees, Lodges, Kiosks, Bars and walking sales persons. Managing and exploiting revenue from these avenues was not a piece of cake and neither Casa XXI was ready to go traditional. So, Casa XXI decided to go for a new electronic system which was an important innovation. This innovative system used pre-paid cards to pay for sales. These pre-paid cards had a unique serial number which was to be identified by a scanner. The scanner could examine the card status and recharge money to the card. Interesting aspect was its expiration in which card could be used many times. The main objective of this system was to get rid of the traditional cash system which was more time consumi ng. The new innovative system could serve many customers in shorter time hence productivity was expected to be enhanced. The innovative system used a central database to save information of all cards and sales. In this innovative system when a consumer made a payment by the card, the scanners were to track card holder’s information and money in the card. After which sale was to take place or the money could be debited accordingly. The system was further subdivided into two units. First unit was operated by the front office responsible for interacting clients while back office unit was specified for inventory management whereas information of both system was recorded on an external database. So, the expected target of this innovative system was to create a well-established electronic system of payment which could revolutionize the sales at Alvalade Stadium. Casa XXI massively publicized their innovative system
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
The communication plan Essay Example for Free
The communication plan Essay For instance if the target market has been decided to be the highest earning groups and wealthy teenagers and youngsters, as we suggest, then the marketing strategy has to take a certain course of action. The communication plan will only be successful if the company is able to firstly strengthen the brand position in the market. Apart from television and posh magazines it is important to give thrust to the brand by holding launch events and parties. Since the product line is being launched with the name of a topline model it would not be very difficult for the model to persuade the who’s who of fashion to pay a visit to a launch at the store or through a fashion show. Such an event or a series of such events in different fashion cities of the world will generate huge amounts of media publicity and awareness amongst the target market. This launching strategy could pave the way for eventually customizing this product line for the greater middle class. (OPCUK, n. d. ) The right kind of hype and media coverage can distinguish between a successful product and a not so popular one. Television is such a powerful medium that big events such as world cup finals, superbowl finals, major golf events attract billions of cumulative audiences worldwide. Therefore a well directed advertisement can generate positive viewership of the brand. A lot of the consumers especially in the high earning group have become technology savy and they expect good brands to offer a complete range of their offerings on the website or some forum. This calls for investment in a website or some online forum so that people could have a detailed look at some of the designs. In today’s world top brands understand the importance of billboards and poster advertisement as almost the great majority of drivers do observe an out of the ordinary billboard or poster. The image of this brand could be well complemented by a billboard campaign across all major posh areas and major subways in target cities. The billboard advert could feature a top hollywood young star in one of the stylish dresses of the product line. The message has to be simple and sraightforward and it should tell the customers that it is a product line for the urban youth which is style conscious. The billboard advert could just show the hollywood actor or actress saying â€Å"Pink is the new black†or something that reflects a change in trends and leads towards the arrival of this new brand. Any intelligent message that could appeal to the sense of style of the youth would be well accepted by the target audience. The advertisements and the billboard adverts need to be made expensive and they should give that look of class and style because these are the features that the product stands for. The distribution of the product is also a way of marketing the product to the target audience. Where should the product be placed such that it attracts the desired consumers to make the initial purchases first. Well, the most important thing would be to initially look at what is the strength of the current distribution network and can this current setup be effectively used to sell the product? These qustions must be asked before the distribution strategy is finalised. Once the product has been delivered to the sites and stores it must be viewed and bought by the target market within a specific time frame. Keeping this as the short-term objective the retail firm can go for selling the product on its own stores which are in posh localities and buying spaces in malls which are visited by the style conscious urban elite. An important thing to understand here is that the product line must be adequately placed otherwise the image of the brand can be destroyed.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Desmear and electroless plating
Desmear and electroless plating Introduction Printed circuit board is used in the electronic manufacturing for mechanical and electrical support. It is electronically connects the electric components using conductive traces, carved from copper covered onto a non-conductive material. Printed circuit board are usually include copper and copper mixture materials that are coated to provide good mechanical and good conductivity with other devices in the assembly. Printed circuits board are used in all electronic equipments such as computer and mobile phones and TV and communications equipment and satellite as well as in the control of gadgets in the factories, companies and other uses of the innumerable à  t thà  µ mà  ¾mà  µnt thà  µrà  µ iц¢  ° ц¢trà  ¾ng inÑ rà  µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ in thà  µ dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà  µ fà  ¾r jà  ¾int bà  µnding  °nd jà  ¾int bà  µnding-rigid and light à  à  ¡Bц¢ duà  µ tà  ¾ Ñ à  µrt °in m °rkà  µt ц¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ tà  ¾rц¢. Thà  µ inÑ rà  µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µd tà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ hnà  ¾là  ¾giÑ  °l dà  µm °ndц¢ frà  ¾m thà  µ l °tà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t h °ndhà  µld dà  µviÑ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾nt °ining Digital Ñ  °mà  µr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd nà  µw high TV rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  ¾lutià  ¾n ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rà  µÃƒ  µnц¢  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ wà  µll  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µ nà  µwà  µr mà  ¾bilà  µ Ñâ‚ ¬hà  ¾nà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ mà  µÃ‚ °nц¢ th °t thà  µrà  µ iц¢  ° ц¢urgà  µ in thà  µ rà  µquirà  µmà  µnt fà  ¾r jà  ¾int bà  µnding-rigid Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà  µlц¢  °nd multi-jà  ¾int bà  µnding Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà  µlц¢. Thà  µ nà  µÃƒ  µd tà  ¾ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾duÑ à  µ thà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà  µl tyÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd tà  ¾ rà  µduÑ à  µ thà  µ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à  ¾f m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà  µ,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °lw °yц¢ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ drivà  µn thà  µ dà  µvà  µlà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬mà  µnt à  ¾f nà  µwà  µr mà  µthà  ¾dц¢ à  ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ing. (à †¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà  µr, 2002, 82) Tà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ hniÑ  °lly thà  µ m °tà  µri °lц¢ invà  ¾lvà  µd in jà  ¾int bà  µnding / jà  ¾int bà  µnding-rigid PCB bà  ¾Ã‚ °rd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turing gà  µnà  µr °tà  µ  ° l °rgà  µ numbà  µr à  ¾f iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. à Å ¾nà  µ kà  µy Ñ à  ¾nÑ à  µrn iц¢ thà  µ l °rgà  µ use v °ri °nÑ à  µ à  ¾f m °tà  µri °lц¢ in à  ¾nà  µ bà  ¾Ã‚ °rd build-uÑâ‚ ¬  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ wà  µll  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µ à  µxà  ¾tiÑ n °turà  µ à  ¾f ц¢Ãƒ  ¾mà  µ à  ¾f thà  µ Ñ à  ¾mmà  ¾nly uц¢Ãƒ  µd m °tà  µri °lц¢, water consupmition  °nd thà  µ inhà  µrà  µnt iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µy r °iц¢Ãƒ  µ. (à â⠂¬ ¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà  µr, 2002, 82) PCB are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more design effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, building, and quality control needs are set by standards (1). In 1885 before the appearance of electric circuit board and point to point production, plate of carton was used to connect the electric components with wires and it was heavy and has big volume. Before printed circuits point-to-point production was used for primary sample or small production runs wire. Circuit boards were produced in the mid-1930, by Austrian inventor Paul Eisler. During World War II the United States produced them on a huge range for use in war radios. During this period the invention remained use in the military part, and until the end of the war it became available for commercial use. Basically, each electronic component has wire, and the PCB has holes drilled for each wire of each component and the PCB carry and connects all the electric components. Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are placed. They are designed specially for each circuit and make structure very easy. The coating on the surface of a circuit board are usually copper, created either by putting single lines mechanically, or by coating the all board in copper and remove away excess. The method of assembly is called through-hole formation. In modern circuit board production, it uses soldered in place on the board with very little hassle., this process is usually be done by putting the cool solder mixture, and baking the entire board to dissolve the components in place. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over wave, of molten solder in machine(1). In previous period to the creation of surface-mount technology was in the mid-1960s, all circuit boards used wire to attach components to the board. But With the removing the wires from circuit boards, circuit boards have become lighter and more efficient to produce. Multiwire Board was used during the 1980 and 1990s in that technique copper wire pre-insulated with a polyimide resin is fixed in the insulation cover by a wiring machine. Multiwire Board allows through wiring so that the number of wires be in one layer significantly increases, and consequently an high-density board can be manufactured with a smaller number of layers than an ordinary printed wire boards. In addition, as Multiwire Board uses copper wire of a uniform diameter, it is superior in various electric characteristics such as providing stable characteristic impedance. Surface-mount technology appeared in the 1960s, and became famous in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid 1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly on to the PCB surface. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting provides itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labour costs and incrassating the conductivity and greatly increasing production and quality rates. Surface mount devices (SMDs) can be one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight, and passive components can be one-half to one-quarter of the cost of corresponding through-hole parts (3). The advantages of Surface mount technology are: Smaller components. Smallest is currently 0.5 x 0.25 mm. Has higher number of components and more connections per component. Fewer holes should be drilled through abrasive boards. Easy automated assembly. Small mistakes in component placement are corrected automatically (the surface tension of the molten solder pulls the component into alignment with the solder pads). Components can be putted on both sides of the circuit board. Lower resistance at the connection. Good mechanical performance under shake and vibration conditions. SMT parts generally cost less than through-hole parts. Fewer unwanted RF signal effects in SMT parts when compared to leaded parts, yielding better predictability of component characteristics. Faster assembly. Some placement machines are capable of placing more than 50,000 components per hour. And there are some Disadvantages Thermal capacity of the heat generator results in slow reaction whereby thermal profiles can be distorted. Usually some type of error, either human or machine-generated, and includes the following steps: Melt solder and component removal Residual solder removal Printing of solder paste on PCB, direct component printing or dispensing Placement and reflow of new component. Over the past few year, electronic products, and especially those which fall within the category of Consumer Electronics have been significantly reduced in physical size and weight. Products such as cellular telephones, lap-top computers, pagers, camcorders, have been reduced by as much as3/4 of their original introductory size and weight. The most significant contributing factor to this reduction has been the inclusion of fine pitch, Surface Mount (SM) components. The larger, thicker and heavier leaded Through-Hole (TH) packages. The Surface Mount (SM) was developed to give the customer with increased component density and performance over the larger Dual-Inline-Package (DIP). The SM also provides the same high consistency. The Chip Scale (CSP) was developed to provide the customer with an additional increase in component performance and density over the SM . The CSP also provides the same high reliability as the DIP and SM package Components which are used in integrated circuits (chips), resistors, and capacitors can be soldered to the surface of the board or more commonly, attached by inserting their connecting pins or wires into holes drilled in the board. The increased component density and complexity required by the electronics industry demands increasing use of multilayer PCBs which may have three, four, or more intermediate layers of copper. Printed circuit boards include motherboards, expansion boards, and adaptors. Epoxy polymers are regularly used for electric circuit board manufacturing purposes, especially for built up layers and micro-vias in modern printed circuit boards. The sticking together of the plated metal layers to this polymer surface is primary importance for the consistency of the internal connection. Chemical treatment of the polymer surface changes the chemical and physical nature of the polymer. These results in specific groups of the polymer chain present on the surface and changes the roughness of the polymer layer. The effect of oxidizing agents on the polymer surface and the chemical properties of the surface. (4). Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Isolating layers are usually laminated together with epoxy resin. The board is usually coated with a solder cover that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, and red (2). A number of additional technologies may be applied to circuit boards for specialized uses: Circuit boards, for example, are designed to be slightly flexible, allowing the circuit board to be placed in positions which would not otherwise be practical, or to be used in wire systems. Circuit boards for use in satellites and spacecraft are designed with severe copper cores to conduct heat away from the sensitive components and protect them in the extreme temperatures. Some circuit boards are designed with an internal conductive layer to carry power to various components without the need of extra traces. Publications have documented the plating of nanoparticales of Cu (Copper plating) or Au on flexible polyimide ( Epoxy) by electroplating Copper plating is the process in which a coating of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. Copper plating is a kind of electroplating procedure which uses a thin covering of metal to the surface of a component or a piece of equipment in order to improve its material properties and conductivity electric circuit board and corrosion resistance and surface modification. Copper plating has an important use in another industries such as automotive, furniture, aerospace and ceramics. Important characteristics of the copper plating process involve the type of process, the copper plating solution and power consumption(5). Some important parameters must be take during copper plating: Kind of copper plating How much necessary capacity of the copper plating system How much power will spending during the copper plating process. The electroless copper platting process involves of four basic operations: cleaning, activation, acceleration, and deposition. Useful features of copper plating: Supply good basecoat for nickel and chromium. Increase the conductivity and reduce the cost of production Supply excellent electrical conductivity properties for applications such as electronics and telecommunications. Can be use as a mask in surface hardening procedures. Provide good lubrication in metal forming operations. Makes jewels look good. Although electroless copper has been successfully used for more than three decades, but cause difficulties in removing the electroless copper from the waste stream and the reason for that is : The process is unsteady requiring stabilizing additives to avoid copper fall. Environmentally is not good produces complex agents, such as EDTA The large number of process needs high water consumption. The electroless copper method has considerable percentage of water volume used. water use is high due to the essential rinsing required between nearly all of the process steps. Copper is found into the wastewater stream due to pull out from the cleaner conditioner, accelerator, and deposition baths process. Much of this copper is complexed with EDTA and needs special waste treatment considerations and that is not good for environmental. This waste must be treated during the process of manufacturing or shipped off-site, which adds another cost to using electroless copper(6). Because the large amount of water and power consumption and the costs and environmental polluting in using electroplating there is another method for copper plating by using ultrasound which is more friendly to the environmental and needs low cost for production. Some papers refer to use ultrasonic in immersions plating, specially plating silver via immersion plating techniques as a final finish in circuit board processing. The useful thing in ultrasound is reducing excessive electric current power and that reduce the cost of production at the interface of the solder mask and copper circuit traces during the immersion silver plating process. Ultrasonics also used in cleaning printed circuit boards before plating. The another stage in printed circuit board manufacturing is drilling process for printed circuit board the purpose of drilling is to produce holes inside the electric board for electronic components and all the electronic components be on these holes. Holes are drilled through the cover so that component can be inserted and then fixed firmly in place. There are generally two types of components that are attachable to the circuit board such as resistors, transistors, which are attached to the circuit board by putting each of the legs of components through a hole in the board. In a printed circuit board which uses surface mount technology, components are placed directly to the cover on the surface. Each set hole in the printed circuit board is planned to receive a exacting component. Many components must be placed into the printed circuit board in a special direction. The simplest printed circuit boards, wires must be printed on more than one surface of fiberglass to let all the component interconnections. Each surface containing printed wires is called a layer or film. Simple printed circuit board which requires only two layers, only one piece of fiberglass is required because wires can be printed on each sides. Some printed circuit board has several layers, individual circuit boards are manufactured individually and then coated together to produce one multi layer circuit board. To connect wires on two or more layers small holes called vias are drilled through the wires and fiberglass board at the point where the wires on the different layers cross. The interior surface of these holes is coated with metal so that electric current can flow through the vias. Some more complex computer circuit boards have more than 20 layers. The printed circuit board has green colour because presence of thin sheets of green plastic on the both sides and without that the printed circuit board will appears in pale yellow colour. Called solder masks, these sheets cover all metal other than the component covers and holes. Electric circuit components are manufactured with covered metal pins which are used to fix them to the printed circuit board both mechanically and electrically so electric current can pass between them. The soldering process, which provides mechanical bond and a very good electrical connection, is used to connect the components to the printed circuit board. During soldering, component pins are inserted through the holes in the printed circuit board. A multilayer printed circuit board which can be interlayer connection with low resistance. The multilayer printed circuit board have a conductive design on one face and without connection hole on the other face, for applying the conductive design to outside; a second substrate having a conductive design formed on a face opposed to the other face of first substrate and a conductive bump on the conductive design integrally. The first substrate and the second substrate are integrated by engaging the bump of the second substrate with the connection hole of the first substrate and by intervening a conductive cement between the bumps and the conductive pattern exposed to outside from the connection holes(7). Some papers refer to use laser drilling to create holes during the manufacturing process for printed circuit board and that is also possible with controlled drilling by using computer program software or by pre-drilling the individual sheets of the printed circuit board before production, in order to produce holes which connect only some of the copper covers, rather than let them to go through the all board. These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal copper layer to an outer layer. Methods to Make Printed Circuits Board Thà  µrà  µ  °rà  µ  ° h °ndful of w °yц¢  °v °il °blà  µ to produce Pà  ¡Bц¢. Thà  µy yià  µld rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ultц¢ of diffà  µrà  µnt qu °litià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, whà  µrà  µ thà  µ qu °lity ц¢Ãƒ  µÃƒ  µmц¢ to bà  µ invà  µrц¢Ãƒ  µly proportion °l to thà  µ  °mount of mà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ you m °kà  µ (in moц¢t Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢),  °nd  °mount of monà  µy you ц¢pà  µnd (in  °ll Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢). Ill t °lk  ° bit  °bout à  µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h,  °nd thà  µn Ñ omp °rà  µ thà  µm  °ll  °t thà  µ bottom of thà  µ p °gà  µ. à  ny proÑ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ th °t involvà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ m °king bo °rd will h °và  µ  ° numbà  µr of ц¢tà  µpц¢ in Ñ ommon. à  t  ° high là  µvà  µl and the steps include: ProÑ urà  µ  ° b °rà  µ bo °rd made from Epoxy resin (Ñ o °tà  µd with  ° thin l °yà  µr of Ñ oppà  µr on à  µithà  µr onà  µ or both ц¢idà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) by using electroplating with copper. Moц¢t mà  µthodц¢ will uц¢Ãƒ  µ  ° pl °in bo °rd; photolithogr °phy rà  µquirà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ onà  µ Ñ o °tà  µd with ц¢pà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ i °l light-ц¢Ãƒ  µnц¢itivà  µ Ñ hà  µmiÑ  °lц¢and ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ r °pà  µ off  °ny burrц¢  °long thà  µ bo °rd à  µdgà  µ (you w °nt  ° fl °t Ñ oppà  µr ц¢urf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µ  °nd Ñ là  µÃ‚ °n it wà  µll to rà  µmovà  µ oxid °tion  °nd fingà  µr oilц¢, follow up with dà  µn °turà  µd  °lÑ ohol to rà  µmovÃ à ‚ µ  °ny oilц¢ or grà  µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ,  °nd finiц¢h by buffing with  ° và  µry Ñ là  µÃ‚ °n towà  µl. From thiц¢ point on, youll w °nt to h °ndlà  µ your bo °rd only by thà  µ à  µdgà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to  °void gà  µtting fingà  µr oilц¢ on it. Dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢igning the Ñ irÑ uit board. Dà  µpà  µnding on how is the  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tu °l production for thà  µ bo °rd, the dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will t °kà  µ onà  µ of  ° numbà  µr of diffà  µrà  µnt formц¢  ° h °nd-dr °wn ц¢Ãƒ  µt of linà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ on p °pà  µr,  ° Ñ omputà  µr-dr °wn di °gr °m. Tr °nц¢fà  µr the dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà  µd Ñ oppà  µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to thà  µ pl °tà  µd ц¢idà  µ(ц¢) on the bo °rd; thà  µ tr °nц¢fà  µrrà  µd tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà  µ rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iц¢t °nt to the à  µtÑ hing liquid. Moц¢t bo °rd produÑ tion mà  µthodц¢ diffà  µr only in how thà  µy  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ ompliц¢h thiц¢ ц¢tà  µp. If the board needs gà  µnà  µr °ting  ° dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign vi ° Ñ omputà  µr, that will needs to put ц¢omà  µ thought into whiÑ h w °y the faces on the printà  µd dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will be. à †¢tÑ h thà  µ bo °rd which was tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µd, The à  µtÑ h °nt Ñ hà  µmiÑ  °l rà  µmovà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °ll non-m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢kà  µd Ñ oppà  µr;  °ftà  µr itц¢ donà  µ and then give thà  µ bo °rd  ° good w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢h undà  µr running w °tà  µr to rà  µmovà  µ  °ll tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ of thà  µ à  µtÑ h °nt. In moц¢t Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, thà  µ à  µtÑ h °nt will à  µithà  µr bà  µ Fà  µrriÑ à  ¡hloridà  µ or à  mmonium Pà  µrц¢ulf °tà  µ (Fà  µrriÑ à  ¡hloridà  µ iц¢ morà  µ popul °r). Thà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ  °rà  µ  °v °il °blà  µ in both liquid (i.à  µ., prà  µmixà  µd)  °nd powdà  µr form; thà  µ powdà  µr iƘ†¢ gà  µnà  µr °lly quità  µ  ° bit Ñ hà  µÃ‚ °pà  µr, but rà  µquirà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ  °rà  µ whà  µn mixing. à  lц¢o notà  µ th °t à  µtÑ hing proÑ à  µÃƒ  µdц¢ f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà  µr with w °rmà  µr à  µtÑ h °nt,  °nd  °git °tion. à  long with ц¢Ã‚ °ving you timà  µ, f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à  µtÑ hing  °lц¢o produÑ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà  µttà  µr à  µdgà  µ qu °lity  °nd Ñ onц¢iц¢tà  µnt linà  µ widthц¢, ц¢o f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t iц¢ good in thiц¢ ц¢tà  µp. Prà  µ-hà  µÃ‚ °t Fà  µrriÑ à  ¡hloridà  µ à  µtÑ h °nt in thà  µ miÑ row °và  µ for 40 ц¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ondц¢ à  ¡ut thà  µ bo °rd to fin °l ц¢izà  µ  °nd ц¢h °pà  µ,  °nd drill holà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in thà  µ bo °rd for Ñ omponà  µnt là  µÃ‚ °dц¢. Thà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ nà  µÃƒ  µd to bà  µ và  µry ц¢m °ll holà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ( °bout 0.8 mm). à  ¡Ã‚ °rà  µfully ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà  µ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢k (with finà  µ ц¢tà  µÃƒ  µl wool undà  µr running w °tà  µr),  °nd popul °tà  µ thà  µ bo °rd (i.à  µ., ц¢oldà  µr with the Ñ omponà  µntц¢). And only the mask ц¢hould ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà  µ whà  µn the soldering is rà  µÃ‚ °dy,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µ Ñ oppà  µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ oxidizà  µ quiÑ kly within  ° fà  µw d °yц¢. à  ftà  µr thà  µ bo °rd iц¢ popul °tà  µd (i.à  µ.,  °ll thà  µ Ñ omponà  µntц¢ h °và  µ bà  µÃƒ  µn ц¢oldà  µrà  µd on), quiÑ k Ñ o °t of ц¢pr °y polyurà  µth °nà  µ v °rniц¢h, thiц¢ kà  µÃƒ  µpц¢ thà  µ ц¢hiny Ñ oppà  µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ looking ц¢hiny,  °nd providà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  ° bit of inц¢ul °tion  °g °inц¢t ц¢hortц¢ duà  µ to ц¢tr °y wirà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bruц¢hing up  °g °inц¢t thà  µ bo °rd. à †¢là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à  ¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Elà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà  µÃƒ  µn ц¢uÑ Ñ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢fully uц¢Ãƒ  µd fà  ¾r mà  ¾rà  µ th °n thrà  µÃƒ  µ dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚  °dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, limitц¢ à  ¾n à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr °tà  ¾r à  µxÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢urà  µ tà  ¾ fà  ¾rm °ldà  µhydà  µ  °nd diffiÑ ultià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in rà  µmà  ¾ving thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr frà  ¾m thà  µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà  µ ц¢trà  µÃ‚ °m Ñ  °uц¢Ãƒ  µd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà  µrц¢ tà  ¾ ц¢Ãƒ  µÃƒ  µk other methods. Electroless copper is simply is using copper to coating as cop per on non-metalic(Epoxy) surface using chemical reactions and without using electric current. . It was used to make non-metallic surface conductive or has poor conductivity and that will provide electrical connection to the devices. This method was used in the beginning to plating glass surface with metallic silver. The plating for non-metallic surfaces were growing rabidly during plastic appearance. The plastic was used after that as non-metallic surface (Epoxy). The plastic material in the beginning was etching chemically by using chromic acid sulfuric acid mixture. The disadvantageous and advantagous for electroless plating compaired with other electro plating: (Coombs, 2007): Uц¢Ãƒ  µ à  ¾f fà  ¾rm °ldà  µhydà  µ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ rà  µduÑ ing  °gà  µnt. Thà  µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ iц¢ inhà  µrà  µntly unц¢t °blà  µ, rà  µquiring ц¢t °bilizing  °dditivà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà  ¾  °và  ¾id Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ iÑâ‚ ¬it °tià  ¾n. à †¢nvirà  ¾nmà  µnt °lly undà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ir °blà  µ Ñ à  ¾mÑâ‚ ¬là  µxing  °gà  µntц¢, ц¢uÑ h  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à †¢DTà  ,  °rà  µ uц¢Ãƒ  µd. Thà  µ l °rgà  µ numbà  µr à  ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd rinц¢Ãƒ  µ t °nkц¢ Ñ  °uц¢Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ high w °tà  µr Ñ à  ¾nц¢umÑâ‚ ¬tià  ¾n. Thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à  ¾f fà  ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr °tià  ¾nц¢: Ñ là  µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià  ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ à  µlà  µr °tià  ¾n,  °nd dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià  ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à  ¡Ãƒ  ¾nц¢t °nt à  µtÑ hing r °tà  µ. Thà  µ à  µtÑ hing r °tà  µ iц¢ dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µndà  µnt à  ¾n tà  µmÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µr °turà  µ  °nd hydrà  ¾gà  µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrà  ¾xidà  µ Ñ à  ¾nÑ à  µntr °tià  ¾n, nà  ¾t thà  µ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñ à  ¾nÑ à  µntr °tià  ¾n. à †¦imÑâ‚ ¬là  µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà  µ trà  µÃ‚ °tmà  µnt. Nà  ¾ Ñ hà  µl °tà  ¾rц¢  °rà  µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µnt in ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrà  ¾xidà  µ miÑ rà  ¾Ãƒ  µtÑ h °ntц¢. à  high Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity à  ¾f 3 tà  ¾ 4 à  ¾unÑ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/g °llà  ¾n. à †¢ffiÑ ià  µnt Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¾và  µry. à  ¡Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr ц¢ulf °tà  µ rà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  ¾và  µry iц¢ uц¢u °lly 90-95% The electroless has steps which is includes below described steps Step 1: The Cleaner-. Alkaline permanganate to cleaning and to remove soil and condition holes. Step 2: Acid etching to remove copper surface contaminants. Step 3: Sulfuric Acid. Used to remove microetch. Step 4: Pre-dip. Used to stay chemical balance for the next treatment step. Step 5: Catalysis. Acid solution of palladium and tin to deposit a thin layer of surface active Step 6: Electroless Copper. Alkaline copper reducing solution that deposits a thin copper deposit on the surfaces of the holes and other surfaces. Thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à  ¾f fà  ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr °tià  ¾nц¢: Ñ là  µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià  ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ñ à  µlà  µr °tià  ¾n,  °nd dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià  ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à  n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ à  ¾mmà  ¾n  °ftà  µr dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià  ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ  µrià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à  ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià  µt °ry Ñ hà  µmiц¢trià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ f rà  ¾m  ° ц¢inglà  µ và  µndà  ¾r th °t  °rà  µ uц¢Ãƒ  µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µ ingrà  µdià  µntц¢ fà  ¾r thà  µ ц¢Ãƒ  µvà  µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà  µ. à  ¡là  µÃ‚ °ning. Thà  µ Ñ là  µÃ‚ °ning ц¢Ãƒ  µgmà  µnt bà  µginц¢ with  ° Ñ là  µÃ‚ °nà  µr-Ñ à  ¾nditià  ¾nà  µr dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ignà  µd tà  ¾ rà  µmà  ¾và  µ à  ¾rg °niѠц¢  °nd Ñ à  ¾nditià  ¾n (in thiц¢ Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ ц¢wà  µll) thà  µ hà  ¾là  µ b °rrà  µlц¢ fà  ¾r thà  µ ц¢ubц¢Ãƒ  µquà  µnt uÑâ‚ ¬t °kà  µ à  ¾f Ñ  °t °lyц¢t, fà  ¾llà  ¾wà  µd by  ° miÑ rà  ¾Ãƒ  µtÑ h ц¢tà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬. Thà  µ Ñ là  µÃ‚ °nà  µr-Ñ à  ¾nditià  ¾nà  µrц¢  °rà  µ tyÑâ‚ ¬iÑ  °lly Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià  µt °ry fà  ¾rmul °tià  ¾nц¢,  °nd mÃ à ‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tly Ñ à  ¾nц¢iц¢t à  ¾f Ñ à  ¾mmà  ¾n  °lk °linà  µ ц¢Ãƒ  ¾lutià  ¾nц¢. à  miÑ rà  ¾Ãƒ  µtÑ h ц¢tà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ  °n bà  µ fà  ¾und à  ¾n thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà  µ, à  ¾xidà  µ linà  µ, Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °ttà  µrn Ñâ‚ ¬l °tà  µ linà  µ  °nd with Ñ hà  µmiÑ  °l Ñ là  µÃ‚ °ning if th °t iц¢ thà  µ Ñ là  µÃ‚ °ning mà  µthà  ¾d uц¢Ãƒ  µd. Thrà  µÃƒ  µ Ñ hà  µmiц¢try  °ltà  µrn °tivà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà  µ  °v °il °blà  µ. à †¦ulfuriÑ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-hydrà  ¾gà  µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrà  ¾xidà  µ (Ñ à  ¾nц¢iц¢ting à  ¾f 5% ц¢ulfuriÑ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id  °nd 1% tà  ¾ 3% Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrà  ¾xidà  µ) iц¢ mà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t Ñ à  ¾mmà  ¾n, fà  ¾llà  ¾wà  µd by ц¢ulfuriÑ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  ¾t °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ium (à  ¾r ц¢Ãƒ  ¾dium) Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrц¢ulf °tà  µ (5% ц¢ulfuriÑ , 8 tà  ¾ 16 à  ¾unÑ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ g °llà  ¾n Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrц¢ulf °tà  µ)  °nd  °mmà  ¾nium Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrц¢ulf °tà  µ. In à  µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ, thà  µ miÑ rà  ¾Ãƒ  µtÑ h b °th iц¢ fà  ¾llà  ¾wà  µd by  ° ц¢ulfuriÑ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id diÑâ‚ ¬, whiÑ h ц¢Ãƒ  µrvà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà  ¾ rà  µmà  ¾và  µ  °ny rà  µm °ining à  ¾xidizà  µr. à  bà  ¾ut 40 miÑ rà  ¾inÑ hà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à  ¾f Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr  °rà  µ à  µtÑ hà  µd fà  ¾r thà  µ m °king hà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾nduÑ tivà  µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. B °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µd à  ¾n  ° 3-4 à  ¾unÑ à  µ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñ  °rrying Ñ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rà  ¾xim °tà  µly 0.0183 g °llà  ¾nц¢ à  ¾f miÑ rà  ¾Ãƒ  µtÑ h  °rà  µ uц¢Ãƒ  µd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µr ц¢qu °rà  µ fà  ¾Ãƒ  ¾t à  ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾duÑ t run. Thiц¢ figurà  µ dà  ¾Ãƒ  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ nà  ¾t inÑ ludà  µ  °ny ц¢Ãƒ  ¾lutià  ¾n th °t m °y bà  µ dr °ggà  µd à  ¾ut whà  µn thà  µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà  µlц¢  °rà  µ mà  ¾và  µd tà  ¾ thà  µ nà  µxt t °nk. Thà  µ ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrà  ¾xidà  µ  °ltà  µrn °tivà  µ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ц¢Ãƒ  ¾mà  µ  °ttr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tivà  µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà  µ trà  µÃ‚ °tmà  µnt  °nd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ  µrfà  ¾rm °nÑ à  µ fà  µÃ‚ °turà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (Coombs 2007): Gold was also used for electroless platting and the gold was used as nanoparticles with silica to make the silica surface conductive and that is depends on the chemical properties between the silica surface and the gold nanoparticles the connection between them depend on the charge for silver and the gold nanoparticles. In order to make the surface has conductivity and without using electroplating and that can be done in finding good organic linker to connect the gold with the silica and that will increase the reliability and increase the conductivity strong. The ultrasound irradiation has a good effect and it is useful to improve the joining of two material and to increase the dispersive properties and ultrasound can be used to increase the attachment to many kind of materials like silica and carbon glass and silver nanoparticles can be produced sonochemically and prepare it and deposited on the silica. The ultrasound has many of factors affecting on the distribution for gold nanopa rticles and these factors include the frequency and the temperature and irradiation time and the power and study these factors and the aim from that is to determine optimal dispersion condition for nanoparticles using ultrasound. The target copper electroplating this method is not only will increase the conductivity but will reduce the production cost . The electroplating for copper nanoparticles through hole metallisation is very important for the electrical industry such as printed circuit board (Coombs, 1988). à  n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ à  ¾mmà  ¾n  °ftà  µr dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià  ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ  µrià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à  ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià  µt °ry Ñ hà  µmiц¢trià  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ frà  ¾m  ° ц¢inglà  µ và  µndà  ¾r th °t  °rà  µ uц¢Ãƒ  µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà  µ ingrà  µdià  µntц¢ fà  ¾r thà  µ ц¢Ãƒ  µvà  µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà  µ à  µlà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà  ¾là  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ à  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ à  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà  µ The metallization for PCB can be done by electroplating and electroless plating or electrolytic plating. Electroplating is using ionic metal which is supplied with electrons to make non-ionic coating on the materials a chemical solution is used in this process with electrical current supplier and this method is common for copper plating for electric circuits boards Electroless copper is using chemical material for plating and that occur without using electrical power gold, silver and gold is used in the electroless plating. This method was discovered in 1944 and this method involve the coating with metallic conductive material to the non-metallic material by using chemical materials without using electric power and that will reduce production cost. Electroplating was used for non-metallic material such as plastics (Epoxy) which are used in the printed circuits boards Dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà  µÃ‚ °r Desmear is the process which is used to remove smeared epoxy-resin and this process involves three steps (Solvent swell, Permanganate and nutulaizer) and that is important to ensure electrical conductivity for the layer after deposition process. Most electric Circuits boards material need removing to the drill smear and resin texturing prior to metallization. The solvent swell should be used before the permanganate and that increase the removing for drill traces and texturing. Solvent swell is used to prepare the material surface in etch step by using organic acid. Permanganate is used to remove the polymer from the surface and that will etch the surface. Neutulizer is using hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid to remove the smear left on the material surface after using permanganate and solvent swell. à  ¡hà  µmiц¢try à  ¾f Dà  µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà  µÃ‚ °r à  l °ting Desmear process includs chemical reaction which are oxidation reactions by using alkaline permanganate ( Potassium or sodium) and this step called solvent swell. Alkaline permanganate is highly oxidizing medium. In the oxidation process for permanganate the permanganate reduced to manganate and manganate and then react with water to produce insoluble manganese dioxide in the reaction below: (Deckert, 1984) MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- → MnO2 + 4OH- In the neutralization process includes removing the surface to ensure that all manganese dioxide are removed from the board surface and through holes. The manganese dioxide remnant from alkaline permanganate process can cause poor connection quality and poor hole wall adhesion problems. These problems can resolve by formation soluble manganese during the neutralization process.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Essay --
Yike Cao PHIL 100 Dr. Hass 10/8/2013 3. For what reasons did Socrates refuse to escape from prison? Do you agree or disagree with his decision? Defend your answer. In 399BC Socrates was sentenced to death on account of corrupting the youth of Athens. By this, the authorities claimed that he was teaching the youth to question what was commonly taught to them about religion, gods and goddesses. This was coming at the end of the Peloponnesian War, which was believed to have been a mark of Athena’s (patron Goddess of Athens) fury at her people. The people at the time believed that Socrates’ teachings would only have angered her further and so they arrested Socrates and eventually sentenced him to death. In this essay, I will explain the reasons why Socrates refused to escape from prison, and why I think he should not have accepted the death penalty. After reading Plato’s The Trial and Death of Socrates, it seems that Socrates was given a choice of punishment, but he refuses to take the charges seriously and claimed he was not afraid of death and thus was forced to drink hemlock. Socrates accepted his punishment saying that no one knows what death is like, it may be better than this life and that in death his soul could be free amongst other great souls and he could continue his questioning and search for knowledge there. Socrates claims that he is right to submit to his punishment. One reason he gives is that although he has this escape route, there would not be a great deal of point. He would be unable to continue his search for knowledge in Thessaly as, firstly, he may face the same charges for corrupting youth there or the Athenian authorities could easily find him there. He thought that people would be more interested in how ... ...you have the opportunity to continue living (even if your life is not going to be the same as it was before), and that life should be the most important and sacred thing. Therefore, under the eyes of the law he was right to submit to his punishment but it seems wrong to me that he chose death when he could have chosen life. Even though many people may argue that Socrates should not have escaped; Socrates was an old man and would have died anyway. He would rather become a martyr who highlights the problems with Athenian democracy than seem like a coward and escape. In another word, Socrates’ sacrifice was necessary in order to highlight the injustices of society at that point in time. But I still believe that Socrates should have at least fought for his life and not just submitted so readily to his punishment. The end result could still be the same, or even better.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Questions on circe and book 10 of the Odyssey Essay
1. What has happened up to the point that Odysseus meets Circe but after he leaves the land of the Cyclops Polyphemus chases after Odysseus and his men throwing boulders that narrowly miss them. Odysseus tells Polyphemus his name and Polyphemus curses Odysseus. They go to Aeolia and gets given a bag of wind by Aeolus. Odysseus falls asleep and his men open the bag as they think it contains gold. The wind comes out and gets blown of course. The stop at the Lystragonians and three of his men get eaten by the cannibal giants. When arriving at Circe’s island, he splits the men into groups and sends half away to look for the house. His men get turned into pigs by Circe and Eurylochus returns to tell Odysseus. Odysseus then ventures alone to save his men. Hermes gave Odysseus a herb to eat and how to fight off Circe. 8/10 B) How is vividness and excitement shown when Circe tries to drug Odysseus â€Å"dark forebodings pursued†uses lighting imagery to show the eerie and ominous future Odysseus sees in the forest. â€Å"high Olympus†in reference to where Hermes is returning to would be exciting to an ancient audience to see Odysseus gaining the help of Gods. The adjective â€Å"beautiful†to describe the chair vividly shows the richness and elegance Circe has in her home. Odysseus drinks the drug â€Å"without suffering any magic effects†the anticipation of whether the drug would have worked or not shows Odysseus as being immune to her â€Å"evil†intent. He â€Å"snatched my keen sword†the verb â€Å"snatched†and â€Å"rushed†shows an element of surprise to Circe adding to the dramatic fighting scene. Circe â€Å"shrieks†adding to the imagery of senses by which the audience can vividly feel her fear. Circe â€Å"clasped my knees†to which this supplication adds excitement due to the fact that the magic herb has worked so well for Odysseus. Circe’s â€Å"words had wings†which vividly shows her elegance in the way she enchantingly speaks. Circe tells Odysseus that she â€Å"was always told to expect (him) here†which emphasises excitement to which he was meant to succeed and come to her. 18/20 C) Who should be admired the most, Circe or Calypso? Both Circe and Calypso play main roles as women in the Odyssey who help and hinder Odysseus, but their wit and mannerism should be admired. Circe first comes into the Odyssey at book 10. Circe is described as â€Å"evil in her heart†which instantly doesn’t make her a good or moral character. Circe also fails to show xenia to Odysseus as although she does offer him food, she asks multiple questions to him. An ancient audience would find the lack of xenia wrong and as an insult to Zeus. Similarly, she tries to manipulate him by complementing him. Simonides wrote about emotional women who use sex as a weapon, as well as this, Aristotle said that women would destroy men if left alone, women would destroy men. This is what Circe does by living alone and burning men into pigs. She turned Scylla into a rock out of jealous which leads into Simonides poem of women. Alternatively, when we first meet Circe (before she sees Odysseus) she is weaving and singing which would be what a women should be expected to do, there for meeting moral and social expectation of a woman. As she does live alone, the fact she can defend herself and try to stay alive (by supplicating herself) shows bravery against potential harm. However, she does hinder Odysseus’ journey by a year by their own will but does end up helping them with the correction direction to sail in. Book 5 has Odysseus on Ogygia with the sea nymph Calypso for 7 years. She holds him captive as he cries on the beach every day. Calypso uses her own selfish means to keep Odysseus on her island. When Hermes comes to the island, she also doesn’t show him xenia as she bombards him with questions. She fights and argues to keep Odysseus even though it is not permitted to marry him. Her own name means â€Å"concealment†in Greek. Calpyso, like Circe, is the image of a good woman as she is also found singing and weaving. Even though she could have kept Odysseus on the island, she helps him build a raft to leave. She is able to let go of her own feelings to aid Odysseus on his journey back to Ithaca. She also obeys Zeus’ orders. To an ancient audience and for moral reasoning, Circe is to be the most admired for she greatly aids Odysseus. In saying this, without the help of Hermes, Odysseus would have been killed thus Circe’s actions are intently evil. Calypso should be admired the most for without her letting Odysseus leave, his journey would have come to an end. Although she also needed Hermes to let him go, her intentions were pure. She loved Odysseus and they often has a physical relationship. She let him go and sacrificed her feelings to make him happy.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
The Differences Between Communism and Socialism
The Differences Between Communism and Socialism The difference between communism and socialism is not conveniently clear-cut. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but these economic and political theories are not the same. Both communism and socialism arose from protests against the exploitation of the working class during the Industrial Revolution. While applications of their economic and social policies vary, several modern countries- all ideologically opposed to capitalism- are perceived as either communist or socialist. In order to understand contemporary political debates, its important to know the similarities and the differences between communism and socialism. Communism vs. Socialism In both communism and socialism, the people own the factors of economic production. The main difference is that under communism, most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (rather than individual citizens); by contrast, under socialism, all citizens share equally in all economic resources as allocated by a democratically-elected government. This difference and others are outlined in the table below. Communism vs. Socialism Attribute Communism Socialism Basic Philosophy From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution. Economy Planned By Central government Central government Ownership of Economic Resources All economic resources are publicly owned and controlled by the government. Individuals hold no personal property or assets. Individuals own personal property but all industrial and production capacity is communally owned and managed by a democratically elected government. Distribution of Economic Production Production is intended to meet all basic human needs and is distributed to the people at no charge. Production is intended to meet individual and societal needs and distributed according to individual ability and contribution. Class Distinction Class is abolished. The ability to earn more than other workers is almost nonexistent. Classes exist but differences are diminished. It is possible for some people to earn more than others. Religion Religion is effectively abolished. Freedom of religion is allowed. Key Similarities Communism and socialism both grew out of grass-roots opposition to the exploitation of workers by wealthy businesses during the Industrial Revolution. Both assume that all goods and services will be produced by government-controlled institutions or collective organizations rather than by privately-owned businesses. In addition, the central government is mainly responsible for all aspects of economic planning, including matters of supply and demand. Key Differences Under communism, the people are compensated or provided for based on their needs. In a pure communist society, the government provides most or all food, clothing, housing and other necessities based on what it considers the needs of the people. Socialism is based on the premise the people will be compensated based on the level of their individual contribution to the economy. Effort and innovation are thus rewarded under socialism. Pure Communism Definition Pure communism is an economic, political, and social system in which most or all property and resources are collectively owned by a class-free society rather than by individual citizens. According to the theory developed by German philosopher, economist, and political theorist Karl Marx in his classic 1848 book, â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,†pure communism results in a society in which all people are equal and there is no need for money or the accumulation of individual wealth. There is no private ownership of economic resources, with a central government controlling all facets of production. Economic output is distributed according to the needs of the people. Social friction between white and blue collar workers and between rural and urban cultures will be eliminated, freeing each person to achieve his or her highest human potential. Under pure communism, the central government provides the people with all basic necessitates, such as food, housing, education, and medical care, thus allowing the people to share equally from the benefits of collective labor. Free access to these necessities depends on constant advances in technology contributing to ever-greater production. In 1875, Marx coined the phrase used to summarize communism, â€Å"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.†Pure Socialism Definition Pure socialism is an economic system under which each individual- through a democratically elected government- is given an equal share of the four factors or economic production: labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources. In essence, socialism is based on the assumption that all people naturally want to cooperate, but are restrained from doing so by the competitive nature of capitalism. Socialism is an economic system where everyone in society equally owns the factors of production. The ownership is acquired through a democratically elected government. It could also be a cooperative or public corporation in which everyone owns shares. Again, the four factors of production under socialism are labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources. As in a command economy, the socialist government employs centralize planning to allocate resources based on both the needs of individuals and society as a whole. Economic output is distributed according to each individual’s ability and level of contribution. In 1980, American author and sociologist Gregory Paul paid homage to Marx in coining the phrase commonly used to describe socialism, â€Å"From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.† What Is a Socialist Democracy? Democratic socialism is an economic, social, and political ideology holding that while both the society and economy should be run democratically, they should be dedicated to meeting the needs of the people as a whole, rather than encouraging individual prosperity as in capitalism. Democratic socialists advocate the transition of society from capitalism to socialism through existing participatory democratic processes, rather than revolution as characterized by orthodox Marxism. Universally-used services, such as housing, utilities, mass transit, and health care are distributed by the government, while consumer goods are distributed by a capitalistic free market. The latter half of the 20th century saw the emergence of a more moderate version of socialist democracy advocating a mixture of socialist and capitalist control of all means of economic production supplemented by extensive social welfare programs to help provide the basic needs of the people. What is Green Socialism As a recent outgrowth of the environmental movement and the climate change debate, green socialism or â€Å"eco-socialism†places its economic emphasis on the maintenance and utilization of natural resources. This is achieved largely through government ownership of the largest, most resource consumptive corporations. The use of â€Å"green†resources, such as renewable energy, public transit, and locally sourced food is emphasized or mandated. Economic production focuses on meeting the basic needs of the people, rather than a wasteful excess of unneeded consumer goods. Green socialism often offers a guaranteed minimum livable income to all citizens regardless of their employment status. Communist Countries It is difficult to classify countries as being either communist or socialist. Several countries, while ruled by the Communist Party, declare themselves to be socialist states and employ many aspects of socialist economic and social policy. Three countries typically considered communist states- mainly due to their political structure- are Cuba, China, and North Korea. China The Communist Party of China owns and strictly controls all industry, which operates solely to generate profits for the government through its successful and growing export of consumer goods. Health care and primary through higher education are run by the government and provided free of charge to the people. However, housing and property development operate under a highly competitive capitalist system. Cuba The Communist Party of Cuba owns and operates most industries, and most of the people work for the state. Government-controlled health care and primary through higher education are provided free. Housing is either free or heavily subsidized by the government. North Korea Ruled by the Communist Party until 1946, North Korea now operates under a â€Å"Socialist Constitution of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.†However, the government owns and control of all farmland, workers, and food distribution channels. Today, the government provides universal health and education for all citizens. Private ownership of property is forbidden. Instead, the government grants people the right to government-owned and assigned homes. Socialist Countries Once again, most modern countries that identify themselves to be socialist may not strictly follow the economic or social systems associated with pure socialism. Instead, most countries generally considered socialist actually employ the policies of democratic socialism. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark all employ similar predominantly socialist systems. The democratically chosen governments of all three countries provide free health care, education, and lifetime retirement income. As a result, however, their citizens pay some of the world’s highest taxes. All three countries also have highly successful capitalist sectors. With most of their needs provided by their governments, the people see little need to accumulate wealth. As a result, about 10% of the people hold more than 65 percent of each nation’s wealth. Sources and Further Reference Engels, Frederick (1847). â€Å"Principles of Communism.†Bukharin, Nikoli. (1920). â€Å"The ABCs of Communism.†Lenin, Vladimir (1917). â€Å"The State and Revolution Chapter 5, Section 3.†â€Å"The Difference Between Communism and Socialism.†Investopedia (2018).Marx, Karl (1875). â€Å".†The Critique of the Gotha Programme (From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs)Paul, Gregory and Stuart, Robert C. â€Å".†Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century Cengage Learning (1980). ISBN: 9780618261819. (From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.)Heilbroner, Robert. â€Å"Socialism.†Library of Economics and Liberty Kallie Szczepanski contributed to this article.
Monday, October 21, 2019
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Essays - Design Of Experiments
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Essays - Design Of Experiments MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION QUANTITATIVE DECISION MAKING (ECON 6130) GROUP PROJECT: "RESEARCH COMPETENCY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS ACROSS 3 DIFFERENT FACULTIES" INSTRUCTOR: PROF. DR. RAFIKUL ISLAM GROUP MEMBERS: AMIR QAYYUM BIN CHE NORDDIN G1337179 BASREE KARING G1339553 NASRUL IZAD MOHD ISA G1337159 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...... 3 Problem Statement 3 Research Questions....3 Significance of the Study ..3 Instruments ... 3 Methodology and Data . 5 Test Analysis 5 SPSS Data Input (Coding) 5 Data View and Variable View ..8 Test Result 22 Frequency.. 23 Result and Discussion .31 ANOVA Test 32 Discussion and Recommendation 40 Appendix - Questionnaire 41 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement The advancement of technology and development in today's world is highly related with intensive research that have been produced. Generally, the high quality research that being produced is highly depending on the research competency of the researchers. Thus, research competency is vital factor in producing good research. However the research competency that being equipped by the researchers is depending on how they are being trained (to do research). Thus, the study on difference research competency of student between different faculty and school is essential in order to signal that different curricular structures that being offered by faculties will affect the research competency of students The purpose of this project paper is to study is there any differences in research competency of students between different faculty and school. 1.2 Research Questions Based on the problem statement, there are several research questions that can be derived: To study is there any differences in literature review research skill competency. To study is there any differences in framing research question's skill. To study is there any differences in capability of developing instruments. To study is there any differences in data collection skill. To study is there any differences in data analysis skill. 1.3 Significant of study This research paper is significant to be conducted because it can help the school of faculty to identify the weaknesses of the curricular structures especially in enhancing research competency among student. Plus, it will signal the necessity to conduct unified research methodology course across faculty and school (in the scope of International Islamic University Malaysia). 1.4 Instruments The instruments that being used in data collection process is questionnaire . The procedure of distributing this questionnaire; questionnaire is distributed to 25 Post graduate students of 3 faculties which are Kulliyah of economics and management sciences (KENMS), Kulliyah of Information and Communication Technology (KICT), and Graduate School of Management (GSM). The question that being constructed with the purpose to gain several information from respondents. On the first two parts of questionnaire, the demographic information about respondents such as gender, age, marital status, and monthly expenditures. In the general information part, the information about; the Kulliyah of the respondents, is the respondents scholarship recipient or not, and is the student doing full thesis or coursework. On the next five parts of questionnaire, the research competency variables; literatures review, research question, instruments, data collection, and data analysis being asked to respondents. This variables are depending upon which faculty are they from. The respondents being asked to rate their agreement of the questions (5 - strongly agree, 4 - agree, 3 - Nether agree nor disagree, 2 - disagree, 1 - strongly disagree). For the analysis purpose, we choose to use analysis of variances (ANOVA test) to determine is there any differences of research competency among students across 3 different faculties. METHODOLOGY AND DATA Test Analysis In order to make the data collected reliable, reliability test need to be performed in order to ensure the consistency of the data collected. By using SPSS Software, we can identify the data collected is reliable or not , through Cronbach's alpha reliability test. The result of Cronbach's alpha reliability test, when running onto the data that have been collected, is 0.858. It means that the data collected (response from research's participants) were reliable enough, for the research to be continue to the next step (e.g. Analysis) . In the test analysis stage, Five variables that being focal point in this research, will be tested through dependent variables that have been identified; which refers to the postgraduates students from three different faculty; Kuliyyah of Economics
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway Introduction Ernest Miller Hemingway believed that the mind was deceptive; consequently, he depended on his senses to express himself. This perspective was always evident in his work, and that was why people thought it was pure and fresh. The uniqueness of his writing may be attributed to his detailed creative regimen. The creative process in Hemingway’s work Some of the notable pieces that this author has written include â€Å"The Sun Also Rises†and â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†. The latter piece won him a Nobel Prize for Literature. Hemingway explained that when writing these two literary texts, he wanted to let readers identify the elements that he had deliberately omitted. He said that he pruned words and only wrote what was absolutely necessary. Hemingway affirmed that when a writer omitted something out of the lack of knowledge of the thing, then he/she was unskillful. However, if a writer knew something and left it out deliberately, then the person was a genius. Hemingway asserted that it took a lot of prowess to leave out an element of a story and still create the illusion, to readers, that the thing happened.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ernest Hemingway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Omission was a strong indication of one’s writing quality (Plimpton 29). Such an assertion indicates that this author carefully thought his literary pieces. He first made up what he needed to say in his mind; thereafter, he would cull irrelevant words or ideas that would reveal too much. He wanted to make his writing three dimensional by giving readers instructions that they needed to follow in order to figure out the whole story. Therefore, this author had to exercise a considerable amount of restraint in his writing. He knew that less is more, and the best literature always causes readers to think. Hemingway often guarded his creative process. He believed that writing a book was a lonely activity that would only be distracted if other people got in the way. This was the reason why he liked to work in his bedroom or inside a workroom set aside for this very purpose. Ernest preferred his bedroom to the special workroom, which happened to be in a special tower on a corner in his house, because his bedroom probably inspired him to come up with new ideas. In this regard, one can learn that creativity sometimes requires isolation (Muller 33). Since his bedroom was his favorite place to work, it is only fitting to find out the qualities in his bedroom that caused his creative juices to flow. Hemingway had a lot of sentimental goods in his bedroom. Some of them included carnivore teeth, a toy U.S. airplane, a toy guitar, a toy lion, a toy zebra, and many others. These items had great sentimental value to the writer. He asserted that the collection cheered him up. From this process, one can deduce that the author needed external items to keep him focused on his writing. Although he was a neat man, one can assume that he had difficulties in letting go of old things. This sentimentally probably pushed him to do more than he would have if the memorabilia did not exist.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author’s creative process was jealously guarded. He often explained that when one overly scrutinized the writing process, then one would neutralize its value. He claimed that writing was solid and fragile at the same time. When one talked about the fragile part too much, then one would lose out on it completely. This individual felt that it was imperative to stick to the solid aspects alone. Therefore, if one intends on making commentaries about Hemingway’s artistic process, one must interpret them from his actions. The author thought of writing as an occupation that could not integrate witnesses during production . People were only relevant after one’s work was complete. Creativity was a sacred process to this writer, so he probably refrained from talking about it because of this (Trodd 21). One thing that emanates from most of Hemingway’s interviews is his strong dedication to his work. One may assume that a creative process ought to be spontaneous and unplanned; however, this was not Ernest’s approach. He was immensely disciplined when he wrote. First, he chose to stand rather than sit when working. It is not clear why he chose to do this, but one may deduce that he was probably excited about his work. When he got the inspiration, he would get energized like a young boy. He would often find himself perspiring because of this. It only comes naturally to stand when one is excited about something. Usually, he would stay in this state of stimulation until midday when the artistic touch wore off. At that time, the author would give himself a treat. Besides this, Ernest alwa ys wrote in the morning. He believed that this was the best time to write because one’s mind was clear. It was also unlikely for people to disrupt him at that time in the morning. Clearly, this was someone who took his writing very seriously. If he dedicated the most productive part of his day towards it, then it must have been something precious. Nonetheless, one should not assume that the high level of discipline indicated that he did not enjoy writing. Ernest told many interviewers that the hours he dedicated to writing were his most pleasurable moments. Creativity, to Hemingway, involved a considerable level of control. In certain instances, he had a lot to write about after midday, however, he would stop when it was time. This was done in order to keep the juices flowing. When there was still something left in him from the previous day, Ernest found that it was easier to continue with his narration the next day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on E rnest Hemingway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He often realized that it was quite hard to wait and hold back until the next day; this was his toughest moment. Hemingway explained that it look a lot of energy and will power to put aside the stories that he was working on when he was away from his typewriter. However, he mastered the art of controlling those thoughts after some time (Smith 9). This author also believed that any creative process could always be reworked. In fact, when he woke up in the morning to work on a certain piece, he would read through the previous day’s writings and consider rewording them. Sometimes, reworking the piece would take much longer than expected, especially if something important was at stake. For example, when working on endings, Hemingway often reedited his narratives so many times. In one instance, he wrote the ending 39 times before completing it. Hemingway explained that when he reread his pie ces, more creative juices would flow because he would be inspired to complete what he had started. This process put him at a place where he knew that he had to keep going. Hemingway, like many other writers, sometimes experienced dry spells. In these instances, he would feel no inspiration. However, he explained that in order to prevent that from happening, he would always stop when he still knew what was going to unfold in the narrative. This always gave him a reason to keep going even when he was not sure about where he would take the characters. It took the author a very long period of time to figure out this formula, and it worked well for him. Even though this author was quite fond of working in his house, he was still quite capable of working in different environments. For example, he wrote many masterpieces in Havana at a hotel called Ambos Mundos. The writer’s inspiration was not confined to his house. He asserted that there were several places that he worked in. Erne st did not mind working in different circumstances. He only had a problem with visitors or other interruptions like telephone calls. Therefore one can say that this author functioned well in quiet environments. It was at this point when he could be left alone with his thoughts, and ideas would flow. To Hemingway, the telephone and visitors ruined great work.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, if he had to write in a place that had many people, he had to be ruthless about his private time in order to get anything done (Robinson 90). After looking at the physical environment that Ernest enjoyed working in, it is necessary to understand the psychological or emotional conditions that inspired this author’s imagination. Hemingway explained that one of the best emotional states to write in was when one was in love. He explained that when a person was in love, he/she could experience a felling of inhibition that no other emotion could create. However, the author also adds that one can write at any time; love just had a way of making that writing better. Hemingway also asserted that one can also write well when one is not worried about one’s obligations. Poor health and financial challenges can block one’s creativity tremendously. In fact, during Hemingway’s last years, he started worrying a lot about paying taxes and meeting other financia l obligations. As a result, he accomplished very little in his field. In his hey-days, the author affirmed that worrying has the capacity to destroy writing. He explained that one’s subconscious needed to be unoccupied by other issues when one was engaging in one’s art. He believed that the subconscious held one’s artistic reserves, and when it was occupied with other things, then it could not operate properly. He further added that any kind of worry was bad for creativity. If one worries about one’s health, then that would also take a toll on one’s subconscious mind and one’s ability to write. Despite pointing out all these psychological factors that can destroy good artistic work, the author affirmed that when one found pleasure in writing, one could do it even in the worst circumstances. Creativity came at all times to him because he was doing something he loved (Merion 14). He believed that it was only death that would stop him from enga ging in his art. In essence, Hemingway was saying that certain emotional and psychological conditions cause writers to write more creatively, however, writing was a full time occupation that could continue even if one’s emotional and psychological well being were not ideal. In many interviews, the author also believed that certain things could be done to enhance one’s creative juices outside the writing room. For instance, he cited reading as one of them. Hemingway felt that competent writers had the ability to balance their responsibilities as knowledgeable people. Even though many writers spent a small portion of their time writing, they still engaged in the profession by acquiring new knowledge. In Hemingway’s mind, creativity could be likened to a well; it needed to be filled with good water. The process of filling it with good water was synonymous to acquiring new knowledge. In essence, he wanted to prove that creativity came from within, but it was inspire d by external knowledge. Hemingway also held that sometimes one could engage in certain actions that could destroy one’s creativity. He said that this could happen even when one believed that one was still a writer. An example he cited was the case of the journalist. To Hemingway, journalism was only valuable to young writers who wanted to jumpstart their careers. However, if one reaches a certain point in one’s career as a journalist, one may start to destroy one’s creativity. To this writer, not all types of writing require creativity, and some of them actually wipe out creativity. Hemingway also felt that sometimes creativity could be learnt from other people. He often cited a number of painters, sculptors, poets and writers who taught him how to express his ideas. Nonetheless, in the creative process, one must learn how to articulate one’s point of view. Other artists can only inspire someone; they cannot be the sole basis for writing something (Gurko 34). Lastly, this author believed that when one was making a literary piece, one should not think too much about the work’s meaning. He believed that analysts and literary critics existed for a reason. Authors had a hard time merely writing their books; therefore, asking them to interpret was unfair. He explained that when he was writing, he was never bothered too much about what his audience would interpret from the work. He felt that his imagination would be bogged down if he did this. To Hemingway, readers completed the creative process by discussing and analyzing his writings. Ernest also added that one was not obligated to expound on one’s writing; this was someone else’s task. Conclusion Hemingway asserted that the creative process was special, and should not be analyzed. However, in most instances, he believed that inspiration came when one was isolated and undistracted, he also believed in letting one’s juices flow; focusing too much on otherâ₠¬â„¢s interpretations hampers this process. Ernest asserted that writing could be done at all times but the best work came when a writer was in a strong emotional and psychological state. Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingway and the pursuit of heroism. NY: Crowell Company, 1996. Print. Merion, Jeff. Channeling the Canon: An interview with Ernest Hemingway. The by-gone bureau. 3 Mar. 2008. Web. Muller, T. (2010). â€Å"The uses of authenticity: Hemingway and the literary field 1926-1936.†Journal of modern literature 33.1(2010): 28-42. Print. Plimpton, George. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway, The Art of Fiction.†Paris Review 18 (1958): 14-56. Print. Robinson, Daniel. â€Å"My true occupation is that of a writer: Hemingway’s passport correspondence.†The Hemingway Review 2 (2005): 87-93. Print. Smith, Paul. A reader’s guide to the short stories of Ernest Hemingway. Boston: Hall and Company, 1997. Print. Trodd, Zoe. â€Å"Hemingway’s camera eye: the problems of language and an interwar politics of form. The Hemingway review 26.2(2007): 7-22. Print.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Week three Team D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Week three Team D - Essay Example The Management and operational leaders of Boardman Management, empowers its staff to provide them with quality customer service with the little acts of kindness and offering them the hotel’s specialty services. The mission of Boardman Management Groups also includes retaining its customers by offering them a luxurious and unforgettable experience by continuously improving the quality of its employees, which ultimately improves the overall environment of the Resorts and cottages. The main goal of Boardman Management Group is to identify the individual attributes that an employee adds to its job, after getting acknowledgement and respect from its employer. The main goals of the existence of Boardman Management group also includes designing staffing, recruiting policies and to offer their employees certain benefits and payrolls. Boardman through its employee management practices try to improve the conditions of its resorts and cottages it manages, as the employees are considered to be the key component in the effective management of any place (Baderman Island, 2005). Baderman Island. (2005). Retrieved January 12, 2014, from Boardman Management Group: https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/BadermanIsland/Board
Friday, October 18, 2019
Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13
Research - Essay Example The study also evaluated the effects of oral healthcare on intracranial pressure. Data was collected from 45 intubated patients who were admitted in ICU for 1 year. The data was collected using oral assessment guide and oral cultures during intubation and then 2 days after extubation. Occurrence of intracranial pressures linked to oral care and ventilator-associated pneumonia were then recorded. According to the findings, oral health of critically ill neuroscience patients deteriorates during intubation and then improves to baseline levels in two days after extubation. This is because intubation leads to an increase in yeast and oral gram-negative bacteria. Among the patients checked in, around 24% of them had cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (Prendergast et al., 2009). Among those examined, overall intracranial pressure decreased significantly after oral healthcare. Oral health among NICU patients deteriorates in the course of intubation and improves after extubation. The level of oral health deterioration depends on time taken during intubation. The longer the intubation time, the more the oral health deteriorates. In addition to this, when patients are subjected to intubation, their health seems to deteriorates regardless of the nature of their sickness (Prendergast et al., 2009). Intubation contributes to aggravation of oral health among neuroscience patients in intensive care units. However, implementation of oral healthcare does not seem to influence intracranial pressure negatively. Oral care needs to be explored in order to promote systemic and oral health of neuroscience patients in intensive care units and determine its impact on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Nurses should examine the oral cavity of patients every eight hours followed up by suctioning to remove secretions. The nurse should then brush the patient teeth using an antiseptic like chlorhexidine. The mouth should then be rinsed using sterile water. It is important to
Migration Impact on the UK's Economy between 2005 and 2015 Dissertation
Migration Impact on the UK's Economy between 2005 and 2015 - Dissertation Example Interpretation of the findings will help the researcher to draw inference to the research questions or the main agenda of the research and accordingly arrive at the conclusion. Chapter 2: Literature Review World migration and economic growth is considered to be an ever-researched subject in the contemporary economics. S. P. Kerr and W. R. Kerr have defined net migration in an economy during a particular period of time as the difference between total number of immigrants and emigrants within the economy within that specified time period. In this context, immigrants are defined as the individuals who migrate or shift to another country whereas emigrants of an economy are those who shift from other economies to a particular economy within the specified time period. In this chapter, global migration and the tendency behind this, the effect of migration on a particular economy and finally, the consequences faced by the economy of United Kingdom will be analysed in the light of theoretical framework and economic models. 2.1. Economic Factors Influencing Migration According to the economists, economic migration occurs mostly due to the influence of two discrete factors. These are as follows: 2.1.1. Push Factors Many economists such as Boyle, Halfacree and Robinson have identified that lack of economic opportunities, scope for higher education, quality jobs in both technical and non-technical sectors act as push factors and drives individuals to migrate in other part of the world.
A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment Essay
A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment - Essay Example It profoundly presents my own and entailed. Professional development, comprehensive understanding of legal and entailed ethical foundations concerned with confidentiality and entailed reflection on attitude and behavior that recurrently impact on daily service delivery processes. The reflexive essay entails enormous consideration into UK laws attaching on the exposure of confidential information regarding the patients’ health conditions and how it has affected my role as a health worker in the UK. It also highlights on the touchy past issues entrenched in the confidentiality part (Great Britain & Amy, 2012, p75). According to UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2009, confidentiality is an entrenched obligation and mandatory to any provider of certain data or information to highly maintain the privacy of the information (Tranberg & Rashbass, 2004, p79). Thus in professional requirements, all the agencies entailed in a collection of information from different people or even organizations have an astounding role and entailed legal or consequent ethical liability to ensure that they timely respect the privacy or secrecy of the people providing the information (Clark & Mcghee, 2008, p73). In similar proportions, the entailed individuals or organizations are not identified in any disseminated dataset and also there is a concurrent and vivid difference in the connection between confidentiality and privacy. While undertaking my personal roles I have learned of the importance of confidentiality as a failure or breach of confidentiality or entailed disclosure of patients’ information which has th e potentials of intruding into his or her privacy as a person or even associated an organization (Anderson, 1997, p96).
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Discussion 14 702 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Discussion 14 702 - Assignment Example This leads to inefficiency and ineffectiveness and identifies significance of the program in facilitating development and application of contemporary nursing knowledge. The program has also informed me of the contemporary knowledge (Sieloff & Frey, 2007) and its diversity and applicability (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2012). I am therefore prepared to assume an active role in development and use of contemporary nursing knowledge and in advocacy for mass transition to reliance on the knowledge for practice. I envision myself as a leader and an advocate of evidence based practice, and I shall pursue the vision through a number of strategies. I shall conduct and publish empirical based studies on effectiveness of evidence-based study in solving healthcare issues and use the results to advocate for the practice. I shall also rely on evidence-based practice in my clinical practice and seek diligence with the aim of demonstrating advantages of the practice. In addition, I shall motivate individuals, teams, and the entire organization through setting examples and through empowering nurses into evidence based practice. I shall rely on my organization’s top management to develop policies for application of evidence-based practice and to avail resources for the same. Resistance is expected at different levels of the organization due to financial implications and required change but I plan to use situational leadership style, with focus on charismatic and transformational styles, in ensur ing change towards use of evidence based practice (Kelly & Tazbir,
Are or should rights be based on nationality The Module is [ Essay
Are or should rights be based on nationality The Module is [ Citizenship in Theory and Practice] politics - Essay Example It is for this reason that arbiters of rights are always under scrutiny and lot of discussion goes on regarding the role and task of rights arbitrator for informing people regarding their rights. The question of rights has always challenged political philosopher and thinkers. The question has also tested the wits of moral thinkers as it is one of the fundamental issues of morality. Since, philosophy started in ancient Greece therefore early thought had Greek city state or polis in mind and for this reason the application of rights focused on the relationship of individual and polis. As such, the idea of rights is mainly based on the responsibilities of the individual citizen to the wider polis (Delanty, 2000). Individual submitted before the authority of polis for the protection of his life and limb. The concept of rights in the ancient world was related with area and territory. The concept of citizenship was firmly based on birth. Therefore, the development and application of rights has traditionally been firmly linked with a concept of territorial integrity (Lister & Pia, 2008). Modern concept of Western nationalism has firmly established the link between rights and territorial integrity, which was originally formed in ancient Greece and practiced in Roman Empire. ... Nationality and the nation state have always been linked; as a result, a similar link has been formed between the concept of rights and the foundation of nationality (Held, 1995). This strong link of rights and nationality continued on for a long period of time but development in science and technology along with better communication has brought significant changes in the outlook and approach of thinkers. Many factors are responsible for the changed attitude but three primary processes account for this attempt to revise the idea of rights. Firstly, migration has brought phenomenal changes in the concept of nationality. Secondly, the formation of regional political structures has meant that concepts of regional citizenship have taken firm ground. Numerous examples of regional bodies can be found; however, possibly the most significant at the present time is the European Union (Faist, 2007). Finally with advent of Information Technology the concept of globalisation has become a byword. The commencement of globalisation and the necessary political responses that have been taken have led many to question whether basing rights on nationality is applicable in an unified and mutually dependent world (Held, 1995). This concept of globalisation has questioned the link of rights and territory. Above all, as globalisation has increasingly served to de-link individuals and societies from the national setting, the idea that rights can be founded on the basis of national territory has been greatly criticised (Held, 1995). Considering the above assessment, the purpose of this work is to assess and examine whether, or should the application of rights be based on
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment Essay
A Reflection on the Performance in a Professional Environment - Essay Example It profoundly presents my own and entailed. Professional development, comprehensive understanding of legal and entailed ethical foundations concerned with confidentiality and entailed reflection on attitude and behavior that recurrently impact on daily service delivery processes. The reflexive essay entails enormous consideration into UK laws attaching on the exposure of confidential information regarding the patients’ health conditions and how it has affected my role as a health worker in the UK. It also highlights on the touchy past issues entrenched in the confidentiality part (Great Britain & Amy, 2012, p75). According to UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2009, confidentiality is an entrenched obligation and mandatory to any provider of certain data or information to highly maintain the privacy of the information (Tranberg & Rashbass, 2004, p79). Thus in professional requirements, all the agencies entailed in a collection of information from different people or even organizations have an astounding role and entailed legal or consequent ethical liability to ensure that they timely respect the privacy or secrecy of the people providing the information (Clark & Mcghee, 2008, p73). In similar proportions, the entailed individuals or organizations are not identified in any disseminated dataset and also there is a concurrent and vivid difference in the connection between confidentiality and privacy. While undertaking my personal roles I have learned of the importance of confidentiality as a failure or breach of confidentiality or entailed disclosure of patients’ information which has th e potentials of intruding into his or her privacy as a person or even associated an organization (Anderson, 1997, p96).
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)