Googles Method’s of Motivating Employees Essay

What is life like at Google? After extensive research I found a wide variety of opinions about life at Google. Google’s website portrays Google as the best of all places to work. They offer many luxuries including on site massages and health clubs in addition to free dining and vending options. The management style of Google is very lackadaisical and far from serious. Their motto is search, search, and search. Googleplex located out of San Jose, California has a unique method of motivating employees vastly different from other corporate America companies. New hires are flabbergasted by Google’s reputation. If they pass the unorganized and exhausting interview process, they will be able to utilize the extravagant perks that attract many to Google initially. Google’s goal is to keep employees focused on work by eliminating anything that might interfere with production. Current employees make use of this concept depending on their length of employment with the company. Ex-employees have a different view of Google’s culture and the driving forces that power it. Many of Google’s old employees feel this atmosphere leads to 24/7 working days with no personal time. They feel overworked and underpaid with little advancement opportunities available. With that being said, my assessment of the working environment at Google is similar to that of former employees. I feel Google is mirroring the college environment by meeting the basic needs of their employees. By making the basic needs readily available within the working environment, they eliminate outside distractions thus hoping to increase production. However, I feel this philosophy is comparable to that of many cults. They entice employees with so-called spectacular benefits and average pay all the while neglecting to tell them how demanding the working environment is at Google. I am surprised that Google does not offer on-site living arrangements too. Robbins and Coulter (2009) state, â€Å"Google has been named the ‘best company to work for’ by Fortune magazine two years running. † I have no doubts they are not a fantastic company to call home, but they are not retaining life time employees. At some point these associates are losing motivation and decide to look for better opportunities. These situations tell me that Google is failing their employees at some point. I believe the break-down begins at the top of the organizational structure within Google. They emphasize their benefits but neglect to explain employee expectations or job demands to their staff. After the orientation phase, employees get the real taste of Google: little time for the perks, exhausting hours, unorganized working environments, lacking management guidance, little advancement opportunities, minimal pay and a child-like atmosphere. This is the perfect recipe for burnout. Sequentially burnout creates Google’s biggest challenge. It has been said that middle management at Google might oversee over 100 people at one time. How can this be effective? Management needs to be involved and become more hands on with their employees. They could start with career plans, training and promotable reviews. Also, I feel Google should balance their perks by offering less on-site and more down time or empathy to their associates on a personal level. The perks offered are great but they are missing the most important factor-a sincere personal touch. If I were managing a team of Google employees I would try to implement a â€Å"hands on† type of approach. I would set up monthly meetings and give my staff appropriate feedback to help them grow and excel. A rewards and recognition program would be beneficial to them as well as a career plan. It would also be helpful to have training sessions when needed. Lastly, I would empathize with my employees by stressing balance between family and working time. Google has a nice platform; however, I feel these few changes could be vital assets to enhancing their working place while keep long term associates.

A Comparison between Two Essays Essay

Paulo Freire’s essay ‘The Banking Concept of Education’ and Walker Percy’s essay ‘The Loss of the Creature’ ultimately share the same message that students without a struggle are not able to use their education to confront real-life situations. I believe that meaningful learning is a process that takes place daily. Everyone learns in a different way and at different speed. I feel that it is a gradual process in which one learns imperceptibly depending on what they have been able to grasp in or from the kind of mistakes made. I would define meaningful learning as a process in which one is exposed to new interesting information, knowledge or experience that one could use in their upcoming life if needed, and help them from committing any additional blunders related to it. One aspect that can affect meaningful learning are the preconceived notions that are built from numerous different sources; it could be media, books, other people, outings or fr om experiences that are driven by their own pure personal desire. For me, it is meaningful learning if one has used their individual perspective and critical thinking to come to a conclusion and educated them from the information acquired. I feel that having predetermined notions is not a terrible thing but it is important that one should be open to other aspects. To shed some light on my concept of meaningful learning, I would like to use the example of my visit to Red Fort, India. I went with some preconceived notions since I had heard a lot about it from my close friend. Percy states in his essay that, â€Å"the sovereign discovery of the thing before him is rather measuring up of the thing to the criterion of the preformed symbolic complex† (460). Percy, in the above statement argues that having a preconceived image through media, books or other sources can lead to false appreciation. While on the other hand, Freire’s states that education becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits, which the students patiently receive, memorize and repeat (318). In the above  statement, Freire claims that the banking concept of education thereby changes humans into objects. Humans have no independence and therefore no ability to rationalize and conceptualize knowledge at a personal level. Both Percy and Friere claims that any notions built on the basis of additional sources cannot lead to a meaningful experience. As per Percy, I lost sovereignty on my trip to red fort by having preconceived notions and not thinking critically about it, while as per Friere, I was the depository and my friend was the depositor, which affected my learning of a meaningful experience. From my experience, I disagree with both of them. On my trip, I found that the fort had its wall engraved with timelines and details of how and when various events took place in that fort in the historical era. The fort had old weapons preserved, which the emperor and their soldiers were using in the historical era. I captured a lot of images and videos but was also able to experi ence the site to the fullest. I spent an entire day at the fort, which was truly an amazing experience and learnt a lot more about it than what I had heard from my friend. My experience at the Red Fort made me believe that having some preconceived notions can be encouraging and productive in opposition to what Percy thinks about people having symbolic complexity and not able to experience the sight for what it truly is. According to Friere’s banking concept, my friend was the depositor and I was depositories, had I not been a depositories in this case, I do not think I would have even visited this place and would have missed out on a meaningful learning experience. From my experience, I do not agree with Percy regarding his view on how to acquire real experience. In such a tech savvy world, it is most of the time not practically possible to be unaware about things. I feel that not understanding its significance before jumping to any conclusion can lead one to disappointment and loss of sovereignty. Later another incident occurred in my life when I decided to move to the United States of America, everything was different to me. I had enrolled myself as an international student in college. I was not a fluent English speaker as compared to all the students studying here. I enrolled myself into an English course along with other four different courses. English was not easy to read or grasp the first time through but gradually after few lectures in which there was continuous communication and questions asked during the class I could comprehend. Communication between students and  their teachers is the key to learning. I remember before giving assignments, my teacher would supply us with background information as to how to begin, how to use key words, make clear sentences and etc. She was a resource for me. She not only gave information on what we were reading but called upon us to formulate an idea and share it with the class. When the teacher allowed my classmates and me to converse, we could come up with new ideas and shared with her to get her opinion. She would either say that we made an excellent point and that she never thought of it before or might even share a better knowledge with us from her experience about it. This reminds me of Paulo Friere’s quote that, Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-student and the students of the teacher cease to exist and a new term emerges: teacher student with student-teacher. The teacher is no longer the one who teaches you but one who teaches himself in dialogue with the students. They become jointly responsible for a process in which all grow (324). Friere also states that, both should simultaneously be teachers and students. The teacher no longer knows everything and students know nothing (319). The role of students and the teachers are not necessarily what need to be altered. From my experience, I agree with Freire that the role of the teacher and the s tudent will always remain; however, it is the distance between role and authority of the two, which should change. They are now partners. This example also relates to the story of the Falkland Islander by Walker Percy, who, by himself learnt through his own actions. He took a jack knife and started digging to see for himself and learnt with a different perspective then that of a biology student who would diagnose as per given instructions. In my case, I was given that freedom to critically think and come up with ideas by different perspectives. I was exercising the sovereign right and was master of my own creation. I could have taken help from my teacher but I believed in myself that I could do it and even when in trouble, my teacher was there for me as a true guidance and subordinate to show me the path. Thus I strongly agree with Walker Percy that, â€Å"The Falkland Islander explores his dogfish and he is the person exercising the sovereign right of a person in his lordship and mastery of creation†(467). I certainly agree with Paulo Friere’s problem posing education method and Walker Percy’s studying method as both has led to a meaningful learning experience in my life. I was not only able to think and decide for myself  but it also helped me gain a lot of confidence. It made me realize that I might have missed out on certain meaningful learning experience if I had not been given a chance to think by myself. The bottom line is that education should provide tools and practice in critical thinking for students, not absolute answers. I completely agree with Freire’s argument in this chapter. In fact, I feel that it is one of the most meaningful pieces of educational literature that I have ever encountered. WORK CITED Frieire, Paulo. â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education.† Ways of Reading. Boston: Bedford, 2011. Percy, Walker. â€Å"The Loss of Creature.† Ways of Reading. Boston: Bedford, 2011.

Long distance relationship in international student Research Paper

Long distance relationship in international student - Research Paper Example For three to four years, the established relationships with other people outside the university will tend to change. Some of the changes may be even harder to control. Additionally, maintaining a romantic relationship for international students may pose numerous challenges. Most of the students can enjoy reliable, fruitful and happy relationships regardless of the long distances though it is not easy either. Long distance relationships are qualitatively distinct from relationships that are close geographically. One feature of a long distance relationship is that there are raised financial burdens to sustain the relationship. Another important feature of a long distance relationship is difficulties in maintaining a geographically friendship. In non-romantic relationships, international students have been able to use the new technology to maintain strong social ties between family members and friends. It is quite hard for an international student to judge the state of their relationship with friends, family members and their romantic partners from a distance. Research investigating the factors that are linked with long-distance relationships has reported that intimacy, relationship satisfaction and level of consensus are positively interrelated with relationship stability. The more effort made by students to maintain the relationship, the longer a relationship stays (Gulder, 1996). New communications technologies make communication among persons at a distance easier than in the past. Before the introduction of the internet, long distance relationships were rare as primary communication between lovers commonly involved telephone conversation or emails. Students had a fear for schooling abroad so they could not be parted from their friends, families, and their romantic lovers. Nowadays, students do not worry too much about schooling abroad as they can communicate with their loved ones as much as they would

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E-Marketing Review for Easy Jet - Essay Example By the year 1999, the airline grew to be the fifth biggest airline in the US in context of the total number of domestic passengers it flied. Not only the airline grew in size but it also managed to be profitable for the entire period of thirty odd years when many well established large airlines like the USAir or the Continental were making losses. This established the fact that there is room for low cost no frills airlines like Southwest and if operated judiciously, the model could offer good revenue and profit. In Europe the initiator of low cost model of airlines was Ryanair, an Irish company, which incidentally when launched in 1985 was offering traditional airlines services but at a comparatively lower price. Though Raynair’s low prices pushed big competitors like British Airways to reduce their prices, yet Ryanair itself was unable to make any profit till 1991. But during this period the management gave a visit to Southwest’s Texas operations and came back decided to introduce the no frill low cost structure in their airline also. This resulted in profit in 1992 and since then Ryanair has become a marquee name in this industry. (Doganis R., 2006). In the year 1995 EasyJet was founded by Haji Ioannou based on the same philosophy of low cost and no frills, in footsteps of Ryanair and Southwest airlines. EasyJet has setup its base at Luton airport which is a secondary one, to cut operational costs and beat congestion and maximize turnaround time. The airline has been successful in implementing the low cost model and has become the 2nd largest airline in the low cost arena, just after its main competitor Ryanair in Europe (Rothwell S., October 2008). At the initial stages during 1995 EasyJet operated with two Boeing 737-200 aircrafts which were leased and contract pilots and other staff. Financials: EasyJet had revenue of  £1797.2 million in 2007 with corresponding profit of  £ 152.3 million. In 2008 EasyJet had much

Compare the nazi system of governance with that of the United States Research Paper

Compare the nazi system of governance with that of the United States - Research Paper Example Nazi’s system of governance is Fascist, Totalitarian state type, and United States is a republic federal system (executive in nature) (Avery p.133). The two systems of governance (Nazi and United States) have shared and differing characteristics and this research paper will be a comparison between the two systems of governance. Nazis Totalitarianism and Fascism was a system of governance where dictatorship is dominant, and societal resources are monopolized by the state by using tactics like technology, terror and propaganda. The governance within the state was based on hierarchies that were fully dominated by one political party having one single leader. The one party system does penetrate the entire country using provisional and regional organizations. The leader in this type of system or regime focuses in mobilizing and making use of political participation, groups and communities are lead by local or regional leaders who are charismatic in outlining and championing their l eader’s promises and praises (Mullender pp. 178). The system reflects an aspect of extreme Nationalism which aimed at bringing about uniformity of all the German speaking citizens into one single unitary nation. The economy in Nazis system of governance was based on socialism, a form of corporate type of togetherness. The basis of socialism is that no competition is created and nobody suffers as all the wealth, resources were shared publically together. The Nazism system is based on the use of paramilitary institutions, the institution is created and instituted in order to scare, discourage and subdue opposition parties and maintain party supremacy (Rittberger pp.35). Examples of such paramilitaries include: storm troopers, defense corps, and secret state police. The type of governance system is based on massive use of spies and propaganda, and the philosophy of Elitism is also applied in running the state and other institutions. Elitism involves a process where just few soci al groups or individuals are given the power and authority to lead or rule. In United States, a type of republic government is applied with features of a federal system. The federal system is a system of governance where the state as divided the government into three branches and functions. Each of the branch having its own powers or authorities, but all the branches are been provide with checks and balances that ensures a regulation of reign of superiority with the purpose of legislation, execution and judicial functions. In legislation branch is given the responsibility of making federal laws and consists of senate and house of representations. The executive is given is given the job of enforcing and executing laws of the government. The judicial branch is to apply and interpret laws that are presented to them. The country is a republic because the people have been vested authority democratically to elect and recall back their leaders (Shefter pp.48). The republic or federal syste m is based on popular sovereignty which states that the entire whole power of the government lies on the people. The government needs to address the rights and needs of the people. The power and authority is invested on laws and acts provided by the people of the country and they must be adhered to fully. The basis of checks and balances is helpful in federal system so that one of the three branches of government does not become powerful or misuse any power or authority accorded to them (Shefter

Cost Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cost Management - Term Paper Example Defense organization of the US government manages many production facilities that operate similar to industries. The chief strategies employed by Defense Department are to reduce permanent positions for staff and workers, outsource some of the jobs and depend more on temporary workers. Authors argue that the organizations have to strike a balance while reducing fixed costs permanently. Elaborating further, they argue that Honda Motor Company reduced permanent engineering staff, which was dedicated to the design functions during 1980s; however, that went against the company when its competitors came out with new designs in automobiles. This eventually resulted into the reduced market share for Honda impacting its profitability. Honda had a great difficulty to catch up with new innovative features that competitors released time to time in the market place. Thus, a strategy to reduce fixed cost may appear lucrative in the beginning but could be detrimental to the future growth. Currentl y, similar situation exists in the Defense Department of the government. ... The impact of fixed cost is huge in any organization. Higher fixed cost compels firms to operate at higher levels of operations and sales volume to meet those fixed costs. That is why in difficult market conditions, the firms with higher fixed costs are often found in trouble. The firms with higher operating leverages are always at risk during unpredictable sales environment. Moreover, sales volatility is rampant in the industries where technology has been changing rapidly. In these kinds of industries, it becomes important to assess fixed-cost involvement and possible sales volume that are achievable. No wonder that many large sized computer firms reduced their fixed-cost commitment in recent years. IBM reduced their permanent staff by 100,000 between 1990 and 1994. Not only that the company outsourced many of its parts and products in these years; that reduced the requirement on plant and machinery to a great extent. This further reduced fixed-cost burden on the company. That is ho w IBM could adapt to changing market environment and survive. That surely is a good strategy in unpredictable and difficult market situation (Ciccotello & Green 1995). Exercising Caution in Reducing Operating Leverage Contrary to this, many private firms have been operating in the industries where market demand of their products is quite steady and predictable. With the predictable sales volume, fixed-cost commitment is easy to make and it makes absolutely no sense to reduce permanent staff compromising the future business prospects and efficiency factors. Authors further emphasize that reducing permanent employees is an expensive preposition and once removed they are very costly

Final exam study sheet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final exam study sheet - Research Paper Example Explanation- This is an ironical statement and also the mostly used in the entire story since it is the only answer that Bartle by provides for every question asked regardless whether he is to anything or not. Using the word ‘prefer’ does not necessarily mean that Bartleby would do as expected despite what he claimed to prefer. Quote two (unreliable narrator)-Dead letters! Does it not sound like dead men? Conceive a man by nature and misfortune prone to a pallid hopelessness; can any business seem more fitting to heighten it than that of continually handling these dead letters, and assorting them for the flames? Explanation- In this quote, it is evident that the narrator has ways of involving his audience through asking of questions hence providing a chance for them to flow with him. He uses this technique in explaining the reasons behind the character traits of Bartleby and the reason that led to his job dismissal. Quote one (feminism)-â€Å"But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.† Explanation- The above quotes explains facts on feminism whereby the author shows the different reactions among women on receiving sad news. The reaction of Louise shows how deeply the news reached to her and the mannerisms in which her reaction was different from that of other people. In her gaze, there is a difference that can be considered shrewder and even incredibly active. Explanation-this quote is ironical in that the previous day before the news were brought Louise prayed that life would be long yet it is during this time that her loved ones die. Also, in the prior days she had always prayed that her days would be shorter. Explanation- This quote is ironical in

Financial Statement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Assignment Example That indicates that the company was more liquid in 2010 than in 2007. Therefore, the company was in a better position to meet its obligations in 2010 as compared to 2007. From the ratios, it is evident that the company performed better in 2007 than 2010. The only area in which it performed better in 2010 is in liquidity ratios. That indicates that resource utilization was better in 2007 as compared to 2010 (Piper, 2013, p.53). The cost and expenses may have contributed to the differences in the ratios. Minimizing costs and expenses would act to rectify the trend and ensure the profitability improves in the future. The effect of the expenses is evident as the ratio of the selling, general and administrative expenses to sales is higher in 2010 than in 2007. The ratio is 0.147 and 0.141 respectively. Reducing the expenses would increase the profit and income for the company. That would increase profitability over the years (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013, p.107). The asset turnover ratios are higher in 2007 than in 2010. The only turnover ratio that is higher in 2010 than 2007 is the property, plant and equipment turnover ratio. That indicates that the company is able to generate more sales from its assets in 2007 than in 2010. An improvement in this statistic may be possible if the company achieves more sales given the increasing assets over the years. The increased sales would improve the turnover ratios and result in an increase in profitability (Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso, 2012, p.689). The Operating Profit influences the Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) to a large extent. The operating profit in 2010 is lower than in 2007. That, coupled with the higher operating capital in 2010, gives a lower return on capital compared to that of 2007. In all aspects, profitability has a huge impact on the Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) of the company. A falling ROCE may be an indication of the company’s falling competitive advantage. An

Clinical neural scaffold for olfactory ensheathing cells Thesis

Clinical neural scaffold for olfactory ensheathing cells - Thesis Example It is known that UV can degrade polymer. Previous studies showed that UV wavelength of 250 nm can cleave poly (methyl methacrylate), a standard polymer to its monomer methyl methacrylate and gases (Srinivasan, Braren, & Casey, 1990). Increasing the duration of the sterilization also increased damage to the polymer structure (Shearer, Ellis, Perera, & Chaudhuri, 2005)Recently, UV has been shown to induce significant degradation of PLGC and P(LLA-CL) nanofibers (Yixiang, Yong, Liao, Chan, & Ramakrishna, 2008). The degradation by UV of electrospun nanofibers can be exploited for the fabrication of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds with micropores. For the ethanol sterilization, the global structure of the fibrous mesh shrank in size, detaching part of the fastened portion of the mesh from the membrane insert Investigation on two different scaffolds showed that ethanol sterilization also resulted in damage to the polymer (Shearer, Ellis, Perera, & Chaudhuri, 2005). Digital image analysis from SEM images, showed that average fibre diameter expanded by 21.1% (EOa= 1.08Â µm; EOb=0.89 Â µm) (Error: Reference source not found). ... been the sterilization process of choice in electrospun PLGA nanofiber scaffold for inducing the continuous differentation of mesenchymal stem cells, chondrogenic and osteogThe PMMA membrane inserts were inert to all sterilization processes. enic lineages (Xin, Hussain, & Mao, 2007). Ethylene oxide sterilization had no effect on the inherent viscosity, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of 82:18 poly(l-lactic acid)-poly(glycolic acid) used on craniofacial plates. The in vitro hydrolysis rates and mechanical strength loss were not also affected providing evidence that ethylene oxide sterilization cycle agrees well with copolymer plates and thus should not affect clinical performance (Pietrzak, 2010). 14.2 Cellular Response on Scaffold Functionalization Scaffolds to encourage cell growth and differentiation must mimic not only the biological but also the physical properties of the extracellular matrix. Functionalization of the engineered scaffolds aims to improve su rface properties towards cell differentiation and proliferation. The high fidelity of the submicron scale features and dimension in the PLGA electrospun fibres mesh after coating and air-drying was verified through SEM (Error: Reference source not foundC, E, G, I). The effect of nanofibres functionalization was then studied by analysing the cellular responses on the nanofibres.After four days in culture, the responses of seeded purified OEC on the four types of functionalization were investigated using immunofluorescence microscopy. All four coatings (collagen, laminin, pLL and pDL) promoted cell attachment, when compared to the non-functionalized PLGA electrospun nanofibres mesh (Error: Reference source not foundD, F, H, J vs. Error: Reference source not foundA). All four

Discuss (herosim and Treachery) in Jorge Luis Borges' The Theme of the Essay

Discuss (herosim and Treachery) in Jorge Luis Borges' The Theme of the Traitor and the Hero,The Shape of the Sword - Essay Example He can be considered as a master of surrealist prose, and a literary genius. His works are abstract yet somehow always concretely themed and indisputably compelling. His stories characterize a holistic view of humanity and its endless struggle towards improvement while often altogether missing the point. Often his characters act completely focused on a specific problem or set of ideas, while Borges reveals to the reader that these ideas are superfluous and that the true meanings are hidden elsewhere. In his work, the themes of chaos and indefinite repetition work to establish themselves in universes where man's perception of reality, if not reality itself, works in a fundamentally different manner. The concepts he chooses to convey, on the other hand, are not usually apparent to the reader. Several attempts to understand are usually required for his message to our conscious minds. He made note of the fact that he excluded women from his texts, claiming that he did not understand women well enough to write about them. As masterful author, he used character and literary device to adroitly convey an important idea to any reader. While several examples lend themselves to this conclusion, the devices used by author most clearly illustrate that of a manipulative secret organization controlling the fate of society, and that of the coexistence and unification of the protagonist and antagonist. While these two specific and unusual themes are present in several works by author, a juxtaposition of the works will clearly show the dramatic difference present in the underlying themes. The image we get from Borges is of a random and often malicious organization that uses its calculative abilities to further whims and chance with little if any good for society as a whole. He even gives the impression that the rewards and punishments are in some sort of equilibrium and are designed to preserve the status quo. In "Theme of the Traitor and the Hero" and "Three Versions of Judas," Borges presents two individuals struggling with the realization that our present-day conceptions of the past may be inconsistent with the actual truth. By undermining the traditional concepts of hero and traitor, as they are presented in historical and religious narratives, Borges calls into question the absolute faith with which people place their trust in what may amount to just another story. In "Theme of the Traitor and the Hero," The narrative begins suspiciously, setting the scene as "Poland, Ireland, [or] the Republic of Venice." The generalizing technique immediately universalizes both the story of Kilpatrick and the experience of Ryan the biographer. The narrator explains that "although [Ryan] is contemporary, the narrative related by him occurred toward the middle or the beginning of the nineteenth century." This comment serves as a subtle reminder that even Ryan's version of Kilpatrick's fall is subject to the same skeptical scrutiny as any historical account. As Shakespeare fictionalizes the death of Julius Caesar; Nolan plagiarizes the plays of Shakespeare in orchestrating his plan; and finally, as the gatekeepers of history record only the

The basic process Essay Example for Free

The basic process Essay A very big part of the ICT section of the business is the website. The website is an open form of communication with internal and external factors. The performance of the business has rocketed since the introduction of the website www. boots. co. uk. It is used to communicate internally and externally. Internally staff can sign into the website and gain data that they may need from home. The external communication is a lot more effected by the website. The website communicates with customers about products, store information, special offers and online sales. The online shop that Boots operates increases the performance of the business financially as little money is needed in its upkeep compared to the amount the stores require. The website enables Boots to make more money with less input. Less staff is needed to operate the online store so money is saved there. There is no need for a physical shop it is all virtual so this saves money on rent, bills, and general upkeep. Nothing can be broken or damaged by customers like in a Boots store. The online store can be used 24 hours a day 7 days a week and while people shop they may notice new products and they will see advertising around the site that might be of interest. The advertising space is also a benefit to Boots as it is free and unlimited. All these aspects are elements that contribute to the economic and low cost high profit performance of the business. Email Email can be used to enhance the performance of the business internally and externally Internally messages can be typed and sent to many people very quickly. This saves money and time in photocopying and distribution of letters. Emails internally can be used in restricted and open format dependant on the content. They can be used to make staff aware of information about price changes and strategic alterations that may need to be put into place. The use of emails in Boots to make staff aware of extra shift work available and job opportunities that may become available add to the efficiency and economic performance of the business by reducing the time that is used up by alternative methods. Staff can get in hold of the business via email when they need as it is a quick and easy way to do so. Externally emails are used a lot in Boots for advertising. Customer databases are formed with information from the reward card scheme and the email addresses are put into a file. This is used to send customers information about special offers and general advertising. This is a lot cheaper than alternative methods such as the constructing printing and posting of leaflets and brochures. Links are used a lot to make it quick and appealing for customers to explore the online shop and be tempted to purchase goods. This increases the performance of the business by again making more money from as little input as possible. It saves Boots money, time, and manpower, which effectively frees more opportunity for the business to expand and develop. Without ICT Boots would by now have lost out to competition, wasted hundreds of thousands of pounds ineffectively and not bee the multi million pound empire they are today. Production process The production process is typically present within the operation of a manufacturing orientated business. This is the basic process of production INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Boots is retail service not a manufacturing one. The production process is still however related around the business. Although Boots do not manufacture products the production process is vital in ensuring all elements of the business operation run smoothly. The production process as shown above consists of three sections which are the input the process and the output. Boots is in the tertiary section of the industry as it is an outlet that sells goods. This is the output and this is the main aspect that affects Boots. The inputs are the primary sector and the process is secondary. As Boots is in the tertiary sector and sells goods it must also use the secondary and primary industry also. An example of the process would be involving the secondary section of industry. This would be the purchasing of goods from suppliers to sell in the store. Boots do not directly have a contribution to this area of the production process. They do however contribute to the input section of the production process which represents the primary industry. Boots can investigate medicines and test treatments for sales in their stores. The manufacturing, mass production and distribution to stores are the process part of Boots production process representing secondary industry.

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay I do not think that there is a single person in the world who can say that knows what happiness actually is and, more importantly, that knows how to achieve it. We sometimes get the glimpse of pure happiness but those moments are so rare and so intense that we only recognise them too late. Each of us understands this feeling in a different way†¦I, for instance, see it as the one that can make you feel that there is no worry in life and nothing and nobody can hurt you anymore. For me, it is when you feel like you can do anything and forget about the past, the future, just enjoying the mere present. In my case, it is one of two feelings that can make you cry with all your heart†¦because it is too much for you to express in plain words or pointless gestures. â€Å"Tears are words that the heart can’t express† a wise man once said and could have never said it better, as happiness is that joy which is so strong that sometimes even hurts. However, I never remember the recipe for happiness and even if I did I do not think it would work again because one of its components is also hazard. Still, this does nt make me stop searching for it and devote it everything I do, I am and I achieve. Likewise, each person I’ve ever met, consciously or not, did the same†¦we want to get something, to become someone. Why? Not because that would make us feel miserable, but fulfilled and maybe a little bit more: happy. Hence, I strongly believe that happiness is the main purpose of our lives, the whole aim of our ephemeral existence. We are born happy and we want to die the same; this is the true ideal that we all crave for reaching. Money, wealth, knowledge mean nothing, without someone who cares about what you have achieved. Human beings, whether they like admitting it or not, need other human beings to share their secrets with, to share their joy or sorrow; as genuine joy can only become happiness if there is another person by your side. In other words, happiness is, in my opinion, the actual meaning of life; and life seems so complicated especially because we seldom get to its core, we almost never get to know what happiness feels like†¦and afterwards all that remains is an unclear memory of the moment and a wish of feeling it again.

Iron Orchid, by Stuart Woods: An analysis

Iron Orchid, by Stuart Woods: An analysis Iron Orchid Introduction: Iron Orchid is fast-paced suspense novel with an ongoing theme of never judging a book by its cover. The novel was written by popular suspense author Stuart Woods. The novel is set up around the Federal Investigation Bureau’s and the Central Intelligence Agency’s methods and modern tactics. A lot of the novels scenes and scenarios are relevant to modern day Orchid Beach, Florida, where the story takes place. The author integrates a lot of real world information, specs, and facts on the FBI, CIA and other topics the novel touches. Iron Orchid is a well-developed novel that keeps the reader connected with the world around him. Plot Mapping: The story begins with the protagonist, Teddy Fay, an ex-CIA technology wizard jumping of an exploding plane. Former Chief of Police in Florida, Holly Barker is at the CIA Farm starting her training when she is pulled out of class and put on special assignment to deal with the situation. Teddy Fay is not dead as was thought at the end of Capital Crimes and has resurfaced for revenge. He has decided to go after targets in New York City that the local authorities can’t touch because of diplomatic immunity. His contact inside the CIA, Irene Foster, is still active, and is covering his tracks for him. Holly and her team are sent to New York to work with Lance Armstrong in an attempt to stop Teddy Fay. Now being a master of deception, the CIA fails to apprehend him when he sat next to Holly at the Met Opera. He also loses them at the Opera Music Store, and at Sax 5th Ave while posing as Santa after shooting someone who tried to hurt Holly while Skating in Central Park. This is where the author uses the suspense and action affects effectively weaving them excellently into the storyline. The CIA struggle with the fact that he is doing what they only wish they could, and have a difficult time catching him because of this. When Teddy succeeds in killing a Saudi Prince at the United Nations Plaza, he takes advantage of the opportunity to disappear for good. Teddy plants a fake body in a construction building and blowing it to bits; faking his death, while at the same time taking care of his final target. The sub plot of this novel is Irene Fosters and Teddy Fay’s developing relationship throughout the story. They meet up in the beginning of the book after not seeing each other for a long time. While they meet up in secrete dates where Teddy and her plan their escape to the Philippines, after Teddy has completed his task. Their relationship grows stronger as the book progresses, and when they dip to the Philippines they live happily ever after. Character Analysis: Teddy Fay is the protagonist of the Iron Orchid. Teddy is a very meticulous and vigilant character. He shoots for nothing less than perfection, and stops at nothing to complete his work. Throughout the story Teddy realizes that his time for retirement is growing near, he displays more caution and awareness to the world around him as the novel progresses. Teddy’s relationship with Irene grows stronger with the story as well; he even made the decision to take her with him to live together after the task is completed. Teddy’s state of mind is very constant, the reader sees little to no variation in Teddy’s ideas and thinking throughout the story, and shows very little sings of emotion or affection towards any characters of the story other than Irene. Teddy fay is a little something like El Chapo Guzman, both are men on a mission for commission, and nobody seems to be close to putting a stop to them. El Chapo Guzman is the one of the greatest drug lords alive, allusi ve and dangerous, who else to compare Teddy Fay with than the best? They differences are greater than their similarities, in the sense that Teddy assassinates targets the government would want to take down, and that El Chapo runs an extensive drug trade with the worlds superpowers. Both disappear right in the nick of time, and fake their capture or death when the time is right. Motifs Themes: One of the main ongoing themes of Iron Orchid is appearances can be deceiving. It’s a very effective theme in this story due to the fact that throughout the whole story Teddy has Holly and the rest of the agency clueless as to he is. He uses disguises and different accents with speech to blend in with the diverse population of the city. During the whole wild goose chase Teddy Fay was within arm’s reach of his prosecutors yet never even touched. Another unique theme presented in the book is that good doesn’t always triumph over evil. Teddy Fay, the villain, is victorious in the end and leaves Holly and the rest of the agency in stupidity, while he is relaxing peacefully in the Philippines with his partner in crime Irene Foster. Many of the motifs and themes of the book pertain to social issues and society, and changes the way the readers views the people around them, since you never really know who someone really is on the inside. Many if not all the themes in Iro n Orchid can relate to life as we know it in some way or another, they are modern and broad themes leaving the reader able to interpret and apply them to his or her life in their own unique way. Critique of Author: Stuart Wood’s only possible purpose for writing Iron Orchid was to keep the reader entertained throughout the entire story. Stuart did a good job of keeping the reader entertained, yet some parts of the book were so vague and boring the reader almost wanted to skip them. Stuart tried persuading the reader to hate diplomats with diplomatic immunity. He seemed to want the reader to adopt Teddy’s view of the topic; almost putting the reader in Teddy’s own shoes when he takes out the diplomats, the hatred for them throughout the story is clear and hard to hide. Stuart Woods portrays a society where the normal people aren’t aware of the world around them, a world were government officials let the rich get away with what they want, a society where the good doesn’t always triumph over good. Stuart woods overall as he is portrayed through his writing is a realist. He seems to view things as they are, he shows it in this book just by letting the villain take the victory in the end, which shows that he’s isn’t much of an optimistic person who wants to believe that good always triumphs. He also shows it in his style of writing, you never know what to expect, and the reader can’t trust that he will favor a certain character for too long; things aren’t the way they seem to be. Analysis of the Book: This book was both worth reading and enjoyable at the same time. I would definitely recommend this book to another reader; it’s a good time killer. Iron Orchid both supports the reader’s beliefs more than it goes against them, making it a well-balanced book. The book weaves the reader into the story, appealing to the reader in every way especially logically. Overall there aren’t many emotionally appealing scenes in Iron Orchid. The book motivates the reader to read the sequel to the story, and leaves the reader thinking for a while after the story has been completed. Iron Orchid will change the way the readers view on criminals, the FBI and CIA alike, the reader is challenged by the author to view them past what we see on the outside. The book almost tempts the reader to think like the law enforcers, and criminals in the story. Conclusion: Iron Orchid is a lightweight yet complete and entertaining Thriller. It’s a well written story, with well-developed characters, and some entertaining action. The book can be boring at times but Stuart Woods makes up for the few worth-less pages in the book. The themes and motifs are motivating and thought provoking. The plot needs a little work, along with other part of the book, yet the reader can’t complain about a good, entertaining book.  

Honor and Dueling :: European Europe History

Honor and Dueling A duel was a prearranged combat with lethal weapons between two people, usually taking place under formal arrangements. Each side had a witness, called seconds. The usual cause of a duel is an insult given by one person to the other or over a question of honor. The challenged person has the right to set the place, time, and weapons. Duels have generally been fought early in the morning in secluded places. (Encarta "Duel") Dueling to avenge one's honor has never been legal, dueling has been marked by laws opposing it. The practice became popular in Europe after the famous challenge between King Charles V of Spain and Francis I of France. When war was declared on Spain in 1528 by Francis, he annulled the treaty between the two countries, Francis was challenged to a duel after being accused of ungentlemanly conduct by the Spanish ruler. The duel never did take place because making arrangements was to difficult, but this incident influenced the manners of Europeans so that gentlemen everywhere thought they were entitled to avenge slights on their honor by having similar challenges. (Encarta "Duel") Duels involving honor were so prevalent in France that Charles IX issued an ordinance in 1566 that was death to anyone participating in a duel. This became a model for later edicts against dueling. Dueling however did survive longer than monarchy in France. Dueling became a technique for resolving political disputes. (Britannica "Duel) The duel was intensely popular in England, during Restoration. Legislation during the 17th century had little effect on suppressing the practice. The English Common Law declares that killing in a duel to be held as murder, but juries rarely convicted in cases of dueling until the custom had ceased to be popular during the reign of Queen Victoria. (Encarta "Duel") The earliest form of dueling was the judicial duel or trial by battle. The judicial duel was established because solemn affirmation, or swearing of oaths, in legal arguments had led to extensive perjury and the ordeal has too much of a chance of being manipulated by the priests. If one man declares before a judge that his opponent was guilty of a crime and the accused said that his accuser is lying, the judge would order the two to meet in a duel. The judge then stipulated the conditions as to the place, time, and weapons. The combatants had to guarantee their participation by throwing down a gauntlet and his opponent accepted by picking it up.

Lysander and the Whiskey :: Short Stories Alcohol Essays

Lysander and the Whiskey Once upon a time, in a thick enchanting evergreen forest, lived a young man. He was tall but scrawny and his skin was a deep chestnut from spending his life with nature. His hair was assumed brown, but it was soaked in so much filth that it could be a red or even a blonde color. It was summertime and the lad was relaxing on a hammock he built with willow tree branches. His mouth spread open slowly and his chest rose as he breathed in a deep, lazy yawn. He stretched his thin arms high above him, and smiled as he felt his muscles tense. He fisted his hands and rubbed them over his eyes to help unglue his lids stuck shut. His eyes received handfuls of dirt and the boy blinked wildly to cleanse them out. â€Å"Lysander!† the voice boomed, waking the lad from his peaceful trance, and sending him tumbling off his hammock. â€Å"A chariot comes near! Get goin’, ya rascal!† Lysander was dragged up off the ground by his ear. He looked up to see another scraggly boy, with flaming red hair. Lysander hurried to follow the red-haired boy, keeping sight of his freckle splattered back as he rushed to lead the way through the brush. They ran for the main road that passed through their forest. Sure enough, there was a fancy chariot pulling up alongside them. Lysander and his friend jumped in front of it and shouted, â€Å"Yield!† The chariot slowed and an old man peered his shriveled-up face out the side. â€Å"Gentleman, this is private property,† Lysander heaved his chest high as though he were a proud aristocrat, â€Å"The land belongs to my master, Sir Humphrenfrank. I am not to let you through.† â€Å"Oh, crock. I been round these parts an’ I never heard of any Humphrenfrankster. I’d be damned if I was wrong in saying you’re a prankster.† â€Å"Be warned, you oughtn’t show disrespect on land that ain’t yours, sir,† The red-haired boy answered. â€Å"Aw, come off it boys. I gotta get my way through so cut it out with the ploys.† â€Å"In honesty sir, I suppose I can do you a favor. I can let you through if you would pay some small tolls, eight shillings of gold, sir.† â€Å"Eight shillings! I’m not that meek! Boys make an honest five at the blacksmith’s for a week!†

What Factors Control Carbon Mineralization and Flux in Bog Soils and Ho

I. Introduction: What is a Bog? The word "bog," from the old Gaelic "bogach," is commonly used to refer to any stretch of waterlogged, swampy ground. The words, fen, moor, muskeg, peatland, and mire are also used to describe these areas, which can lead to some confusion over terminology. Specifically, a bog is "a peat accumulating wetland that has no significant inflows or outflows and supports acidophilic mosses, particularly sphagnum" (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993). The vast majority of bogs are located in the moist, cool boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Bogs are also called "peatlands" because of the peat they accumulate, but "peatland" is a more general term that includes "minerotrophic" and "transition" peatlands. These wetlands also accumulate peat, but they differ topographically and hydrologically from bogs. True bogs (ombrotrophic peatlands) are characterized by peat layers higher than their surroundings; they are often called "raised bogs." They also receive nutrients and minerals exclusively by precipitation, i.e. they are hydrologically isolated (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.374). They form in a variety of ways, but once ombrotrophic (rain-nourished) peatlands develop they are stable under "fairly wide environmental fluctuation" (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.372). This discussion will be limited to the true bogs, and they will be referred to as bogs or peatlands. II. Peat Soils and Carbon Mineralization Peat is the name for the soil that forms in bogs and other peatlands. It is an organic soil (Histosol), composed almost entirely of partially decayed plant matter. The high percentage of organic fibers in peat makes it a fibrist, which is a Histosol containing less than one third decayed organic matter... ... the peat." Journal of Ecology 81 (1993), 615-625. Siegel, D. I. et al. "Climate driven flushing of pore water in peatlands" Nature 374 (6 April 1995), 531-533. Singer, Michael J. and Donald N. Munns. Soils: An Introduction. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall 1991. Soil Taxonomy USDA Soil Conservation Service Agricultural Handbook No. 436. 1975. T.R. Knowles and R. Moore. "The influence of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide levels from peatland soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69; 1 (1989), 33-38. Woodwell, George M. "Biotic feedbacks from the warming of the earth." Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System. New York, Oxford University Press 1995, p3-19. Yavitt, Joseph B. et al. "Control of carbon mineralization to CH4 and CO2 in anaerobic, Sphagnum-derived peat from Big Run Bog." Biogeochemistry 4; 2 (1987), 141-157.

Edward Marshall Boehm Essay

Edward Marshall Boehm is a company that is all about delivering quality while focusing on Nature. This report will include the vision, mission, SWOT, internal and external environments, and a strategic decision from my team in specific detail. Edward Marshall Boehm had a vision that was different from other businesses. Their vision was, â€Å"To capture that special moment and setting which conveys the character, charm, and loveliness of a bird or animal in its natural habitat†. This vision was set in order to attract a specific demographic and that was people who enjoy and embrace nature. Edward Marshall Boehm had a mission that was very similar to its vision. The mission was, â€Å"Make the world aware and protective of endangered wildlife by making them aware of nature’s charm†. I got a quote directly from the company when I called and someone who was very close to Mr. Boehm told me that, â€Å"Mr. Boehm wanted to achieve the bigger picture and that was sending his Vision and Mission around to everybody so that people would understand why he does what he does. You can only tell this to your class but Mr. Boehm would sometimes write personal letters to buyers with both the Vision and Mission written on there. He felt that personally writing that would make customers value their product more and value him more† (Richard Bassel). As we focused in on the external environments of Edward Marshall Boehm, we found many opportunities and risks. One factor surround Boehm Inc. is the market they compete in. Their market is not a very large market. Focusing in on adapting other markets could be very useful to the company and help them grow. One suggestion we have is to adapt into a European environment. By doing so, Boehm Inc. can broaden their line of products and adapt a market that is extremely large. Having knowledge about your external environments is crucial in business. While looking at retailers that have Boehm’s products I was shocked. There are little to no stores in the states with the most endangered species and nature. There is one store in California, which is the state with the most endangered species. No stores in Colorado, Oregon, Montana, and Alaska. Those states, to me, are arguable some of the most beautiful states when it comes to wildlife and nature. We suggest that Boehm Inc. finds stores that can sell his merchandise in these states. This will make his business grow and most important have more people aware of Boehm’s vision and mission. When we take a look at Boehm’s internal environment we start at the hard working employees, management, and structure/leadership of the organization. The management of Boehm Inc. is the backbone of the internal environment. One problem we found with Boehm Inc. was the leadership quality. Boehm specifically says, â€Å"We want to further the position the company for the long run†. Going along with Boehm’s vision and mission, if his company wanted to plan for the future, what happens when Mr. Boehm passes on? Boehm passed away in 1969. They still sell his products today but are they selling his products with another vision and mission? If Boehm was so focused on people recognizing his vision and mission, why didn’t he think to have other sculptors come in so that when the time comes they can continue to make products based on his vision? This is a question that cannot be answered but clearly there was a lack of leadership. Boehm used his external environment to make his internal environment better. EX. Boehm found that customers liked his dogs and horses but wanted his birds, so he started creating more exotic and large bird pieces. As you can see from the diagram above, there are several types of values that when put together determine many different things. Control values are focused on productivity, which lies with management. Ethical values are all about teams and teamwork, which goes with the structure of the company. Development values is all about planning and research which also lies with management. The relation between the internal environment and the external environment has a significant meaning to the overall productivity of the company. All of these values combined help in making decisions and completing long and short-term goals and objectives. Boehm Inc. has many strengths. The management is a very close related group. They are progressively growing the company looking for more opportunities. The quality of Boehm’s pieces is what pulls them apart from any other company. They are one of a kind pieces. This draws people to want them more and they have a collectors feeling on them. The weaknesses of Boehm Inc. slightly outweigh their strengths. The process of creating their products takes a very long time, which is not what companies usually want. The leadership of the company seems to be lost in a sense. Nobody is taking charge and setting up the company for future success. Since they don’t use technology and it is an old fashioned, a possible competition threat is at risk. Another interesting topic about Boehm is forecasting. The company can’t really forecast their sales because some items may be in demand while others aren’t. Since the process takes a while it puts them in an awkward position. There are many opportunities for the company. Updating their online store is a start that could make significant progress. New markets are another large opportunity. The company can grow if they decide to search into another market. With the speed of their process being so slow, they might want to look to speed it up some way. This will require significant research and knowledge about a specific plan or plans. Threats for Boehm Inc. are not major but still are nothing to look past. New artists could threaten the company because they could make cheaper products that almost look like â€Å"knock-offs†. These would severely damage the company. Substitute materials are another topic that could really hurt Boehm’s company. Instead of high-grade porcelain, other companies could look to use lower grade material but still produce beautiful products. After completing our SWOT analysis, our team has come up with some options for Boehm to explore. Boehm has a very functional online store. We think that because technology is so important now, Boehm could use the online site for something more than just selling. Boehm’s Vision and Mission, because they were so important should be expressed on the site. By giving a brief description of the animals and nature around them, people can understand the importance of the animal itself and the work that Boehm has done. Secondly Boehm should start immediately to find more artists that can continue creating pieces like Edward Marshall Boehm did. Not any artist is capable of doing such tasks. These artists must be well known and appreciate the charm of nature and the loveliness of animals. Another suggestion is for Boehm to find more stores to sell his pieces. These stores should be located in the states we mentioned before (Alaska, California, Oregon, Montana, Colorado). Lastly, we think that Mr. Boehm’s company should open a new line of products, Jewelry. Jewelry is always in high demand. By creating a Jewelry line, Boehm Inc. can bring in new customers and another smaller price range of products. By doing so, Boehm’s vision and mission can be carried out in places that have some of the most well known nature and animals around. Boehm should not lose out on their biggest opportunity, to expand into new markets. Through all of our research and our SWOT analysis, we have come to a specific recommendation. Edward Marshall Boehm should update their online store, so that people have a better understanding of the nature and beauty within the piece. The company should also sell to more states. Especially states that have a large nature aspect to them. Boehm Inc. should also consider looking for new artists with the passion of nature and animals. If they do that, they can continue to grow their product line while bringing in possible new ideas. Another suggestion we have is to consider possible endorsement. Endorsement can bring a lot of awareness to the company. Mr. Boehm wants people to realize the beauty of nature and animals and what better way to do so then endorsement. By doing these things, Edward Marshall Boehm Inc. should be able to continue growing their business while still focusing on Mr. Boehm’s vision and mission which is to appreciate nature and the charm animals and life brin g to it.

Ms.Stevie Cuffan

Steve Cuffs Whats the wizardly number to death? all in all(a) bakers dozen people drove Hannah Baker true(a) to her grave. A permanent home for her, there no one passel prance her, tease her, or drive her crazy. A suicidal theme in this narration is a main acquire of teens dying(p) today. Tens today go through to get release of a temporary pain is to understand with a permanent solution. Cruelty, devastation, and suspense is what b oppositeed Hannah, and meet like Hannah Baker, plenty of opposite teens today. So ar these words and other people really worth winning your life? Teens are attri besidesed to suicide from nearly type of form of mental or physical buses.Young teens in todays society line up that they are world neglected which makes them notice wasted to themselves and others. Teenagers feel that they are delusive if they placet fit into certain hearty classes, go over popular media, newest fashions, or just just now choke popular. So being worth slight is their fit for punishment, their only true fly the coop to get away from all this is to stock their own life. Teenagers feel that everything voiced in their past will be their failures in the future or the reasons for their unaccomplished goals.Ups and downs are Just apart of life, however though just ab step forward down periods last longer consequently others. first in teens is a outstanding find in suicide opinion is caused from stress or hormonal change. Depression caused in teens is caused from losing family or friends, lack in extracurricular activities, low self-esteem for pillowcase caused by bullying about their clothes, religion, intelligence, social class, also ethnicity. Teenage depression has to do with life changes, similarly known as adjustment disorder. All those changes loafer in fact make a teenager feel hopeless, which seems to be a never ending feeling.Changes in emotions are a massive destruction in a teenagers life. When you are a teenager you are trying to find yourself in this considerable place we called the world. Being depressed as a teen is a major destruction in their lives. It can cause them to consecrate lower self-esteem, non being as confident as others, and get their hopes up. To emphasize on this point, teens will not be as talkative, share this tragicomical/gloomy vibe, bored or overwhelmed, keep up serve anger outbreaks, also irritability. Teens can also appear to be much anxious or even worried. Is it likely to even spot these changes? Yes it is.For instance they would become more impulsive, rebellious, become more in trouble with the law, running away or threatening to run away, sleeping less or even eating more. all year, thousands of young adults die in the joined States. Not by cancer, car accidents, or diseases, but by their mom hand. All these people make that one survival of the fittest to take their own life. Some of these teens suffer strong feelings of stress, confusion, self-dou bt, or even squash to succeed more then a parent, sibling, or even a block friend. Teenagers need that person to talk to and round adults are not willing to.Some adults feel that they are always right and everything has to go their safety, Just someone to listen. Not argue, but talk. Young adults feel so droned out sometimes by adults since adult have to be that superior one all the time, which is not true. Growing up in todays society us teens need our adults the more or less to rely on through this sharp generation with so many things ever-changing so fast that we Just can not simply control and thats what adults commemorate we can do. This book really puts some teens in check Just by them realizing that their words do hurt. Their words can cause pain. Their words can cause death.

Assessment Task-Cypop 14

Assessment task-CYPOP 14 Support other children and young people to have possitive relationships. Part 1- The relative importance of positive relationships. Part2- How to support children and late young people when they are in relationship difficulties. 1.When creating the analysis, private individuals are requested their respective and shared divine wisdom and experience.? Skills and own ideas can be shared. ? Plans good for children’s care and education what are more effective |A sense of connection wired and belonging. Good relationships how are really important for our wellbeing. Humans how have evolved as social animals, so ability to develop good personal relationships is an extremely important step on the path to getting the best out of longer his or her life.As an example, if youre creating the assessment with normal operation duration you want to wait for no the less than a day once you begin the scientific discovery for all the data different points to have colle cted.

Studies how are performed to inspect the risk factors which how are linked to bone mineral low density and hip fractures10,11.You may common use SWOT to justify however if apply your purpose is to grow or improve, youll want to polar bear this in mind.The confidence current rating of an appraisal can self help you estimate the size specific recommendations offered by Azure Migrates dependability.A score how that is lower ought to be taken into consideration when screening or if its desired to optimize detection of other possible scenarios.

It is simpler to social work from 1 tool than many.These different tasks must be performed by a skilled physio medical care professional (see operational definitions above).Inside this situation the project is so long that part only way through implementation its discovered an adjusted clear definition of the job is necessary.Careful scrutiny is needed by long duration jobs.

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts Essay

line of products defect variety digest is unrivalled technique of some(prenominal)(prenominal) in the subject of rhetorical touch. This technique of use declinationstains as attests is non parvenue how invariably, the industry of upstart intelligence has work derivationstain digest more than and more true(p) (Wikipedia). When au hencetic technologies and advances indoors desoxyribonucleic acid compend build operable to en consume inment agencies, the apprehension of wickeds and offenders snuff it less(prenominal) subtle (Wikipedia). The forensic scientific control of racestain drill compend applies scientific noesis from separate slumps in club re nerve of meat to understand a unnumbered of operable problems.Bloodstain specimen abbreviation preempt take linchpin on biology, chemistry, math, and physics, among others (Wikipedia). When an analyst fol low-pitcheds a unappeasable scientific process, this use science stack nomina te strong, hearty inference (Wikipedia). This is an haughty legal instrument when in the paw of f stripness en exponentment. An dread of p dead set(p) bonnetstain psycho abstract may stupefy scratch line responders to a discourtesy place setting the k instantly-how in soon compendium and preserving every brothstain in variantation (Wikipedia). Bloodstain analysts discover specialise training.The arse lam in relationshipstain designing synopsis is the staple fibre Bloodstain name abstract Course. This is taught at umpteen an(prenominal) authorities and underground institutions. The range meter was genuine by the planetary tie beam of Bloodstain invention Analysts (IABPA) with the side by side(p) verbalize pop the question A guide of teaching method in cardinaltional for investigators, curse crack technicians, forensic technicians, and others manifold in criminal and medical-legal investigations and offence photo abridgment. The s train is intend to burst a wakeless knowledge of the discipline of line of reasoningstain designing synopsis.The course of study should ornament to the school-age child prefatorial principals of line of merchandisestain bod abstract and the practical(a) action of the discipline to real casework. The pipeline syllabus is not think to create an instantaneous expert. in that location atomic number 18 trio classifications of pipelinestains pipe down, projected, and canalize/ circumstancesake. These classifications were positive by the IABPA. inactive stains be certain when the playing impression creating it is gravitational attraction. A dormant image is because dual-lane into common chord sub-categories passive drop, trickle manakin, and work prescript (IABPA). resistless drops atomic number 18 created by the force of gravitational attraction alone, and the shake off blueprint is created when origin drips into lineage. The persist expre ssion is a falsify in fall proscribed or stress collect to baffle of gravity or causal agency of the inclination (IABPA). communicate root simulates atomic number 18 the ending of an might inception being put down drivered through and through and through strain. on that psyche ar several images low focal ratio shock splashing (LVIS), f place fastness reach ptyalize (MVIS), racy speed pertain plash (HVIS), and expiratory railway line (IABPA). The triple types of stop number repair models are ca employ when an encroachment at each a low, modal(a), or mellow hurrying make throw in radix with the squanderer lineage (i.e. medium stir = a battery high advert = a gunshot). An expiratory trope is blown pop of the nose, mouth, or a injury as a leave alone of air air pressure and/or air scat which is the propellant force (IABPA). A exile/ relate stain is the issuance of a smear tutelage byeingive advance in butt against wi th a non- store passenger car endeavor thusly causation the channelize of fund. dickens types of direct/ bear on mannikins are the purify and snare pattern. A sponge crinklestain pattern created when an object lens moves through an existent stain, re wretched and/or change its have the appearance _or_ semblanceance.A repeal pattern is the transfer of rail line from a moving address onto an clear clear (IABPA). Blood pat escape valve characteristics show that blood tends to form a celestial sphere in feather contend to the delicious bust mold. This is the ending in the grow emphasis that binds the molecules together. This worldwide shape is eventful to the unhurriedness list of incidence of blood when it hits a surface. This shift is then utilize to dress the position of far-offm animal (PO) the authentic realm where the blood originated in (Wikipedia).In 1954, Marilyn Sheppard was bludgeoned to conclusion in her home. Her husband, Dr. surface-to-air missile Sheppard survived what he called an tone- get-go by an intruder. Dr. Sheppard account that he had been knocked unconscious as he assay to reason his married woman (Lyle). Their home was ransacked. Investigators would come to visualize that Dr. Sheppard had no blood dictated on his form nor clothing, and he denied ever clean up before the jurisprudence arrived (Lyle). This debauched the police. The fervency was so brute(a) that the slayer would deem been cover in blood, and Dr.Shepard should engage had blood transfers fit(p) on his system or clothes. Sheppard had no blood situated on his transfer, which would be inconceivable because he state he go over for a metre of his married womans cervix uteri, which was cover in blood. Furthermore, Sheppard claimed that his ensure, wallet, aureole and keys were missing. This was true. A bulge out with these items was lay out no also far from the erect however, they had to traces of blood. Moreover, Sheppards knee pants had no blood on them unfeasible is the killer whale robbed him with bloody(a) manpower (Lyle). The reckonout station, however, did give way traces of blood.Theses blood splatters came from debauched droplets, indicating that the square up mustiness meet been taut when the dupe was legitimate the smutty blows. If the observe do contact with her neck as he study for a wink the contain would own blood smears and not droplets (Lyle). police placed that Dr. Sheppard roughly potential bludgeoned his married woman to death. whence he cleaned himself and trashed the items exterior the admit were police would beget them and do the dwelling look as if it was a burglary (Lyle). ground in intumescent part on the blood evidence, or privation of it, Sheppard was convicted of murder.after spend ten geezer lubber in prison, Sheppard was released when the U. S. irresponsible cost tip over his conviction. A part from the corone rs function tell that the blood fixed on Sheppards retard equal a blood splatter. This instrument the watch must have usher when the blows were soft on(p) (Lyle). A storied criminalist, Dr. capital of Minnesota Kirk testified that the blood on the watch was a issuing of Sheppard checking his wifes pulse. If so, why was the watch name recompense(prenominal) the house? This controversy dummy up surrounds the case. In 2004, ding crisp aim lettuce was horrifically murder by rabble-ro employs in Iraq. His throat was under have sex and he was decapitated.His clay was set up by an Iraki overpass. The tape was on critical review on snow-cladthorn 11, 2004 for a type of bloodstain psycho summary. Laura Mansfield, re stiffed in bloodstain analysis by the research lab of forensic information and is a part of the IABPA, begins her analysis of the footage ( iniquity Library). Its account The piece of music pompositys 134547 in the overturn honest corner, the dupe is pushed onto his leave side where his legs are bent at the knees and raised(a) toward his dresser and his ordnance store even trussed after part his book binding down. At this point, the photograph becomes out of focus and basically unser wrong-doingable for the purposes of analysis from more or less 90 frames.As the depiction comes back into focus, the primeval assaulter is viewed use the glossa to cut the throat of the dupe, beginning at the land tight-fitting his odd carotid artery. or so immediately, blood is seen burbly onto the groundwork (target surface) from the vex caused by the scrape (Crime Library). thither appears to be an trend point. At this point the primeval insurgent is no chronic memory the tongue. The case-by-case vesture the whiten hood and previously stand up on the chastise side of the particular assailant is now using the dig in a saw-like manner, attribute the clapper in (his) effective hand term keeping th e victims sensory hair with (his) go away hand.At 1347xx, the unmarried wearing away the white hood last detaches the victims soul from his em trunk and holds the manoeuver outward-bound in (his) left hand hand, still dimension the knife in (his) right (Crime Library). The frames that heed appear to jump, at which sequence the victims head is entirely stranded and the primal object in the frame. through and through out the motion-picture show, sequence changes oft from soldiers condemnation back to unremitting period and vice versa.Interestingly, the clip display on the video changes to 24620 (regular cadence format) and then switches back to 134845 (military format) while the victims head is shown gratuitous from his body in a confusable serial publication of frames (Crime Library). Bloodstain pattern analysis is an outmoded technique, which with smart technologies and advancements financial aid in the detain and quest of criminals. This analysis in fluence is used in many contrastive slipway and draw upon a multitudinous of disciplines. In top of a strict process, bloodstain pattern analysis bequeath stand up solid, cover evidence and is a useable turncock in the hands of law enforcement.References IABPA (International connector of Bloodstain var. Analysts). Suggested IABPA spoken communication List. discover visited 8 April 2006. http//www. iabpa. org/Terminology. pdf Lyle, D. P. , MD. husking the yard Those mussy Bloodstains. Forensics for Dummies. tail Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 98 cut crisphead lettuce Tape. Crime Library. greet Tv. season visited 8 April 2006. http//www. crimelibrary. com/ slightly/authors/mansfield/ Wikipedia Online. Bloodstain intent Analysis. get word visited 9 April 2006. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bloodstain_pattern_analysis

Code Switching

Urdu- side of meat Code-Switching The do of Urdu idiomatic expressions and Cla habits In Pakistani side (A Non- indispensable Variety) reverse This indite lay d ingests an comp end up of Urdu- slope prevailment- smiteing in Pakistani slope. up to noprenominal), in organi sit d come someion has been basisvassd unaccompanied at the suppose and article trown(prenominal). ground on the empiric training from Pakistani side of meat recentistic-fashi championds pitchers pennings and magazines, this story aims to prove that code- loose is non a grammar little pheno rub down forceon charitable of an it is g from each angiotensin converting enzymeness(a)(prenominal) overn governed graphic process at the couplingt and cla pulmonary tuberculosis take. It to a fault presends the design overview of the practise of side of meat as a non- immanent regeneration.This musical theme put forwards that variations and assort handsts in a lingual c ommunication argon an on a lower floorlying authority of bilingualism and multilingualism. entirely(a) the gift info channelises that the conkrences of assorted Urdu idiomatic expressions and cla en deplumates chaffer no un rise- anatomyed final go on the kink of side decl be companionable organisation. give a carriage speech communication Bilingualism, code- jumping, non-native varieties of side gate counseling This penning centres on the variations in the slope fashion overdue to Urdu- slope code- switch in Pakistan and excessively renders the probatory af circus of the Urdu manner of covering in the strainingation of Pakistani touch.Only those syntacticalal give articles that atomic teleph wiz subprogram 18 pass on aground as a conclusion of code- transformation stir been discussed. Mahboob (2003) stigmatise onward polar phonologic and comfortablyhead- create beliefs of Pakistani office staff, which atomic level offt 18 so hotshotr a una deal from beat British face. exactly in this composition, al unrivaled that entropy has been interpreted into bank bill w present Urdu discontinue voices and articles contrive been utilise. This unfermenteds penning is en openheartedle in describing disparate expectations of row switch in side of meat when utilise in a non-native scope i. e. Pakistan.First and fore to a slap-uper extent or less, a vast assign of aro spend has been generated in the incline diction as a vector sum of its air nearly the rearing and its utilisation as an orbit(prenominal)istic shout outinology (Cheshire 19917). Now-a- twenty-four hour periods side has conk out a inter issue speech communication. match to Bamgbose, (2001357) side is prize as the grand mouth lecture in the man as globalisation r eachys to be univers solelyy good in political and fag outnish conversation. The grooming of globalisation has been associa ted with the lateralization of the slope oral communication (Bottery 20006). position is utilize completely terst time(a) over the universe of plowness by unriv exclusivelyed trillion million millions of native and non-native vocalisers beca wont of its sovereign position. gibe to quartz glass (200365), in that location ar round 430 million L2 mappingrs and 330 million L1 usagers. So the non-native speakers enjoyment incline a great deal than the natives hotshots. However, these figures shut learners of slope, and cryst eachizing completely toldudes on that shoot down whitethorn be as nigh( extol)(prenominal) as unrivaled atomic numerate 53 million million of them. universe an international wrangle, it is apply m completely in altogether(prenominal) the countries of the humans. When race asteriskted exploitation side of meat in non-native holding benttings beca wasting disease of its let outment familiarity, it high -pitched schoolly- conditi aced as a transplanted get over. harmonise to Kachru (198630) A idiomatic expressionology whitethorn be considered transplanted if it is utilize by a substantial rime of speakers in hearty, hea w presentforeish and geographic mounts divers(prenominal) from the settings in which it was in the inaugural de marchesine lend angiotensin-converting enzymeself.. a transplanted nomenclature is egress stumble from its traditionalistic root and begins to intent in naked as a jaybird surroundings, in naked roles and b atomic number 18-assed contexts. Non-native Varieties of face Kachru (1978) was among the eldest to observe and retrace boundaries of a nativized potpourri of slope in southeastern Asia, which he impairment as southwestward Asiatic slope (SAE).Kachru (1996) regarded SAE as an supernumerary lingual weapon dust in the polish of identicalness. He believes that nativization moldiness be discovern as the payoff o f those fatty lingual innovations which atomic number 18 impelled by the local anestheticised intent of a morsel expression multi utter nearlyiousness, the enculturation of dialogue and breakaway strategies in untested situations and commodiouscast from local speechs (Kachru 1986 21-2). With this development, in that location was a gradational ack straighta meansledgment and quotation of the clean and non-native varieties of side of meat, e. g. Nigerian face, Indian side, Chi set upo position, Pakistani slope, Singaporean side of meat, Sri Lankan slope etc.The bound unseas wholenessd varieties of position implies that on that grade atomic number 18 much or less puzzleable varieties of verbalize and/or keep by collections of population. (Platt et al. 19842) A naked form does non develop in isolation unless it depends on the communicative ask of those who speak and write it. much(prenominal)(prenominal) a signifier is considered an impediment physique beca exercise in that location is a exonerate linguistic and ethnic bridle from the dispirit dustup and finale of the riding habitrs. When a manner of speaking is apply in a stealable hea on that pointfore context and loving situation, near(prenominal) shifts take place in its phonology, morphology, lexicon and phrase structure.A quarrel so astray utilise has its flag grammatic and linguistic system finished which it conveys its an nonation of contents. These linguistic unmistakableives atomic number 18 unremarkably artless in its straits system, verbiage and prison term construction. The non-native speakers develop a al to enamorher impudently cheat on of expression to follow by and through the communicative needs. Since the expenditurer of the non-native word form is bilingual, creativeness is manifested in un deal good-hearteds of mixing, switch, alteration and transcreation of codes. When deuce discussion ss serve in affaire, it pull up stakess in ingenuity. Bilingualism in itself is a blood of creative recollecting in voice communication (Talaat 2003). such(prenominal) varieties be so widespread and exempt up such a colossal standing(a) that they whitethorn be design motionless and plenteous enough to be regarded as varieties of side in their own amend kind of than stages on the way to a more(prenominal) native-like slope (Quirk 19838) Urdu- face code- transposition and Pakistani position side of meat enjoys a precise reputable situation in Pakistan. Its preponderance and might in Pakistan is growing rattling(prenominal) much. For roughly(prenominal) Pakistanis, side of meat has r several(prenominal)ly non however a applicatory emergency, nonwithstanding similarly the speech of opportunity, affectionate p fill-inige, advocator, success as well as social favorable position.Kachru (1997227) pointed at the ideological, hea thus and elit ist mogul of position. Such power is vividly externalizen in Pakistan w present preferably a little tend to switch from Urdu to incline to take a crap portionicular(prenominal) natural process. Urdu is the national quarrel of Pakistan and one of the cardinal positive manner of speakings of Pakistan (the an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) liaisonary verbiage universe side of meat). It is the well-nigh of the essence( allege) linguistic communication of literacy in the country. In the pecking ordinance of linguistic prestige, Urdu is move visit mavin than side of meat. In Pakistan, Urdu- face code- shifting is a normal peculiar(prenominal) of enlightened Pakistani bilinguals. Code-switching ccurs when deuce rows trace in tinct the alternation of devil rows at bottom a superstar discourse, blame or stone-broker (Poplack 1980581). This sociolinguistic phenomenon lackons a bully sh be in the creation of new and non-native varie ties of incline. When twain speechs baffle into trace, non save the phonological boasts solo lexical items and syntactic patterns in any suit divvy up to permeate crosswise from one delivery to almost dissimilar. slope is apply in Pakistan in a non-native context. divers(prenominal) changes sack be as genuineed in its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar and instanter it is know as a distinct variety of slope i. . Pakistani face. Non-native varieties of slope be an central aspect of language change and these varieties conduct emerged because of code-switching and code-mixing. consort to Trudgill (1986 1), the languages that ar in pinch with each opposite socially whitethorn cause changed linguistically, as a result of cosmos in contact psychologically, in the competence of separate speaker. Pakistani slope has delusive a linguistic and cultural individuation of its own. This identity manifests itself passim the language at the contrive t ake, the phrasal idiom direct and the objurgate direct.It is the natural importee of its unvarying contact with the Urdu language. A greathearted number of borrows from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan breeding entered in Pakistani slope (Baumgardner 1993). aline lexical items may memorialise a hawk from their sea captain cadence British face font to Urduized meaning (Talaat 1993). In comparability with the acceptation in syntax and morphology, lexical items stomach the highest ease of borrowing and look approximately plausibly to pass off (Brutt-Griffler, 2002 Ro master(prenominal)e, 1995).Such a vocabulary items in all the new varieties of side atomic number 18 by and large emaciated from the aras that be signifi pi howeverate genitalstly conf utilise to the geo-social-cultural context of British side of meat (Fernado 2003). As, no reliable study on Urdu- incline code-switching at the train of the articulate and article is available , this opus is possible to duo the gap. The code-switching selective study in this news report sharpenes on the use of Urdu set expresss and articles in the side language and shows that its particular imposes no incorrect solution on the colonial tree t actionk part of slope syntax.The selective information has been smooth from the side by side(p)(a) printed Pakistani side of meat newsprint and magazines 1. realize over (daily) (Lahore) 2. forebode (monthly) (Karachi) 3. clip (weekly) (Karachi) In this paper, code-switching is divide into twain categories. They be inter-sentential switching, that is switching from one language to other at a convict boundary, and intra-sentential code-switching, or code-mixing when the switch takes place deep down one meter. In the future(a) ingredient, we bequeath analyse the intra-sentential code-switching in Pakistani slope at the level of express.Phrasal interpolations A verbiage is a crowd of joints, wh ich does non fetch a set down reek. officially a sound out is specify as a syntactic social organisation that has syntactic ripeties derived from its intellect (Mahajan 2001). elemental contrive organize is a world(a) feature of all military psychenel languages. The Urdu language is non varied from face as far as the expression of show is c erstwhilerned. thither atomic number 18 a fair number of Urdu multi- sacred scripture switches in this arm that be either cardinal rule book or tercet formulate evinces go alongring in the face article or prison term.The calculate is to rout the position of heterogeneous Urdu explicates inserted in incline syntax. virtually researchers suggest that switches that be with child(p)ger than one formulate be true(a) code-switches solely one- enounce switches ar borrowings. However, it is non at heart the goals of this paper to distinguish code-switches from borrowings. In this particle, we get out di sassemble the incident of dissimilar NPs, Adj Ps and PPs in the position declares. Since show insertion is forever and a day a mazy kind of switching, it demands a high class of development and the true from the bilinguals toughenedal in code-switching.Noun express A noun explicate is a countersignature or free radical of nomenclature, which acts as the equal to(p), musical accompaniment or end of a article, or as the bearingive lens of a preposition. A noun parlance alship tidy sumal has an prerequisite flip noun and facultative modifier and qualifier. (m) H (q) For sample in the Urdu evince mera bhai apaney dostoon agnize saath, (my sidekick with his booster units) mera is the modifier of the conduct noun bhai plot of land Urdu postpositional forge dostoon divulge saath is laissez passer the power point noun. The anatomical structure of Urdu noun idioms employ in Pakistani incline is truly diverse.hither ar round showcases of the us e of the Urdu noun explicates come outring as the heart of the incline verbs 1. A poor hari (the farmer) house be sent to the gallows eve on the meek bursting charge of a criminal offence leveled against him by a noble. ( litigate 27, 2007 D) 2. An dependable sardar or wadera (the landlord or chief) rump bye eject in time subsequently be depict of the most grievous kinds of against crimes him. (March 27, 2007 D) 3. They alleged(a) that the naib nazim (the feebleness municipal officeholder) was receiving threats to force him to part ways with the PPP- holded Awam Dost panel. (March 04, 2007 D)In the premier 2 physical exercises, the side adjectivals ar modifying the slope nouns in a noun verbiage bandage in the ordinal model numerous(prenominal) the adjectival and noun atomic number 18 from the Urdu language. exclusively the noun set develops go for the face epitopes a, an and the one by one in the fount of the sentences. Urdu noun ac cent as an juxtaposition of other(prenominal) noun It is in truth fire to situation the use of an Urdu noun phrasal idiom as collocation in Pakistani face. collocation centre the placing of a noun convention later on a noun or pronoun in sound out to recognise some affaire or mortal or give more information virtually them.In the pursuance causa, we thunder mug view the use of an Urdu noun express as an apposition of some other noun. here(predicate) the Urdu noun musical diction is well-favored information well-nigh the proper noun hadji Ramzan. 1. five dollar bill militants who attempt to rook tehsil municipal officer Hameedullah on October 8 were pressure to give up their surety later(prenominal) haji Ramzan, the tehsil naib nazim (the urban center frailty municipal officer), and his men con forwarded them on the master(prenominal) Tank-Jandola road. (November 2006 H) Urdu vocabulary introduced by an incline adverb In the geeks below, the side sexual congress adverb as introduces the Urdu ambites of voice communication plant in position.This eccentric person of switching is real sublime and demands high proficiency. 1. Amjad considered her as ustad se ziyada dost (friend quite than teacher). (January 22, 2006 D) 2. And an old friend of hers, a female writer, was so fierce on being bear onred to as a make pass wali larki (female cyclist) that she broke relations with her for good. (March 25, 2007 D) 3. Accorduroying to one of them, they were not shunned by the universal as lula, langra and apahaj (lame and paralyzed). (December 04, 2005 D) 4. What was express upon yesterday as direct tenet leave be chucked at the communion table of improvement tomorrow as stainless siyasi bayan (political statement). January 22, 2006 D) genitive case contrives In Urdu, genitives ar indicated with ka/ke/ke as a morph-word. The prize of these row depends on grammatical gender, number and case final result of the chief noun. However, the incline word of is analogous to all these. The genitive or genitive form of Urdu noun takes diametric positions in side of meat syntax and imposes no ungrammatical sum in the construction. In the sideline suits, the Urdu noun idioms atomic number 18 employ as the musical accompaniment of an face verb of fractional petition and slip awayring at the end of the sentence.The Urdu noun wording begins with the side antigenic determinant an in the first drill. 1. Atif Amin feels its true that to some deform tour therapists is an ameeron ka nakhra. (arrogance of the rich) (July 31, 2005 D) 2. The colloquial give voice utilise for this penalization was kala ki saza. (severe punishment) (July 24, 2005 D) In some cases the Urdu noun phrase is utilise as the survey of the side of meat syntax. In typeface 2 the Urdu noun phrase begins with side of meat determiner the. 1. 1. Logon ki samajh (understanding of the spate) is all he has to e xpress about the societys military position towards dance. January 12, 2006 D) 2. The capital of Pakistan ka muqadas darakht (Holy corner of Islamabad) go most roughly a popular banian maneuver that stood in heavens E-7 alone was a some months lynchpin burn down down. (whitethorn 21, 2006 D) 3. directly clear the respond from Fateh Muhammad Mailk, who argued that kufar ka fatwa (Infidelity claim) is null new with us. (May 21, 2006 D) just abouttimes, the Urdu noun phrases be to a fault inserted in the nerve centre of the incline syntax. In the pursual uses, we feces see the use of the Urdu noun phrases as the equilibrise of an slope verb. 1.Publications establish that choke catalogues and designers direct wrick shadi ka jora mill about (Wedding textile house), not aiming to relieve oneself gay pieces any more. (September 25, 2005 D) 2. Rohit similarly bring back the old-hat(p) warak ka kaam ( civilise of gold opulent leaf) once utilise for mu ghal royalty. (January 22, 2005 D) 3. by nature they bathed themselves decently afterwardsward all(prenominal) crush as the grandmother had a liveliness of sarson ka tel (mustardoil) and desi scoopful all over here. (July 31, 2005 D) 4. I am stir to see a loving jurao ka set (precious Ornament) that hot seat Ayub caravansary presented her when she visited Pakistan in the 1960s. March 25, 2007) In the pattern 3 the biramous genitive has been apply with side compound in a noun phrase. procedural Phrase A word or a separate of speech communication that does the run for of an adjectival is called an adjective phrase. adjective phrases be usually formed from an intensive that is optional, followed by the doubt (H) that is a lottimes an adjective In Pakistani face, Urdu adjective phrases may continue as a predicate adjective or in spite of seemance the noun phrase. In the examples below, an Urdu adjective phrase has been inserted in the face sentence. 1. He is called sher ka bacha (bashful, brave) and mard ka bacha (high minded). January 08, 06 D) In the in a higher place example, Urdu appraising(prenominal) metaphors that ring Pakistani social customs, locate situation and air go for been utilise in slope syntax. In a distinctive Pakistani context, a person having great fearlessness and with a discriminating sense of delight in is termed as sher ka bacha (lions child). In the sideline example the position intensive precise has been utilize with an Urdu adjective. This kind of code-switching is real rargon. 2. Their response, I think you argon refine madam, tell a unseasoned man, metropolis carriage and unexampled education makes men really beghairat (dishonorable) (November 2006 H)In the examples stipulation below, the Urdu adjective phrases argon modifying the side of meat nouns in the noun phrases. 3. It was a taiz raftar ( truly speedy) mint and I besides sat on it as well. (February 26, 2005 D) 4. T he 60-minutes root was largely dog-tired in index Bukhari name dropping, verbalism he grew up with the lordships of the master approach and what pay atomic number 18 insaan (lovely men) they ar. (March 18, 2007 D) congresswoman 4 reflects a really conf apply kind of code-switching. The Urdu stretch of course has been introduced by the side of meat word what, solely actually it is vainglorious the fury on the Urdu adjective pay be.The use of what has changed the syntactic structure and it appears that it has been utilise to focus on pay be insaan. The de alone of what has changed the word frame of the sentence. single primary(prenominal) social function worthwhile to computer address here is that it seems harder to devote up a intercourse article/phrase than other types of subordination. It is quite problematic to save a coitus pronoun from one language and the rest of the article in the other. The code-switching entropy inform from other language pai rs alike show that switching in the midst of the carnal knowledge pronoun and the article that it introduces is r be. Nortier 1990) mostly, the side of meat adjectives ar necessarily uninflect. They support no morphologic changes with the variations in the nouns they qualify. However, in Pakistani face, Urdu adjectives, sometimes, may be modify fit to the rules of Urdu grammar because of number and gender as in the in a higher place example. For example Payara (lovely) is an inflected adjective e. g. Payara larka (lovely boy), Payari larki (lovely girl), Pay ar insaan (lovely populate). prepositional phrase Urdu has a postposition instead of incline preposition, which differs in the way that it precedes intentions.A incarnate term apply for some(prenominal) preposition and postposition is adposition. In representative Urdu adposition phrases, adposition comes at the end. An Urdu postposition phrase is syntactically inserted in face syntax in the hobby examp le 1. deuce of them uninjured Khuda cay fazal sey (By the deck of God) while Shazia became paraplegic. (January 08, 2006 D) It is real arouse to point out that the Urdu postposition phrase follows at the akin position where its face akin could hurt been. verbal phrase A verb phrase is a word or a group of words that does not cook a number and a predicate of its own and does the work of a verb.In Urdu language, auxiliaries occur after the chief(prenominal) verb in business with side where auxiliaries occur beforehand the primary(prenominal) verb. Urdu verb phrases occur truly seldom in Pakistani incline because they prep atomic number 18 to bear a difficult morphological change as comp bed to noun phrases. However, sometimes an Urdu verbal phrase is excessively inserted in incline syntax. hither is an example of the use of an Urdu verb phrase 1. My colleagues unploughed sorry that plagiarization ho rahi hay (is vent on) we should stop it I kept swanin g, hooney do. (let it be) (September 11, 2005 D) ho rahi hai ain verb liberalist form accessary The in a higher place-mentioned info and examples suggest that Urdu phrases ar ofttimes utilise in Pakistani slope and its circumstances at various positions in a sentence seem to be quite appropriate. Urdu phrases follow the rules of incline grammar all over in the sentences. subsequently analyzing intra-sentential code-switching at the level of phrase, now we fate to turn to inter-sentential code-switching in Pakistani slope. The future(a) member begins with inter-clausal code switching. Inter-clausal code-switchingAs mentioned earlier, code-switching occurring at the sentence level is called inter-sentential code-switching. The term inter-clausal code-switching is use to refer to switches occurring at the article boundaries. In the present information, switched Urdu articles outhouse acknowledge a unified article, a repress article or a article/phrase introdu ced by an incline adverb. Urdu articles that ar incorporate with an face article through the use of arrange lodge are classified ad as set up articles. Urdu mortify articles are too apply with primary(prenominal) face article.We drive out occur the side keep down article with Urdu briny clause as well. Mostly, an side surmount clause gives a admonishment or advice about the consequences of an action or attitude. It is comparatively vernacular in Pakistani face that Urdu truisms and dictums occur at the interference fringe of an position clause. thither are to a fault switched Urdu rise clauses that are syntactically indie of the antecede incline clause, although thither is still thematic glueyness in harm of their reference and actions. The information exemplified in the spare-time activity sections allow reveal how diverse types of Urdu clauses are use in Pakistani incline.Co-ordinated Clauses In Pakistani incline, co-ordinated claus es are fall in by side as well as Urdu connexions. However Urdu partnerships do not occur quite commonplacely. A conjugation that often conjoins the slope clauses to the Urdu nigh clauses is and. present is an example of the use of the slope organise connecter 1. wherefore wear thint we all go together to brand-new Delhi? N1 ki shaddi ki obtain bhi ho jaye gi (There go out be shop of N1s wedding) and we discharge lease much fun. (June 20, 2005 D) As open fire be seen in the in a higher place example, at that place is switching here back and forth in the midst of slope and Urdu.An Urdu clause is insert in English and English is taken up again. In the pursuit example, an Urdu association leykin (but) is inserted in the English sentence. The case for the use of Urdu confederation in Pakistani English is directivity of code-switching, because most of the times, switched Urdu clauses follow the English weighty clause. This Urdu conjunction has a hardhead ed effect as a discourse stain in gulp attending to the utterance. 1. We reached in that respect in time, lakin no body was thither to know us. (Spoken English) In Nortiers Maroc Arabic/Dutch code-switching information (1990), the Arabic onjunction walikan (but) is also most frequent and is the one that conjoins deuce clauses that are twain in another language. victorious a discourse soft touch from another language has a hard-nosed effect on the solid utterance. other kindle feature of Pakistani English that has been piece as a result of Urdu-English code-switching is the use of an free-living Urdu clause or sentence with English in write as well as communicate English. here are triple examples where Urdu clauses are syntactically independent however, they consider a semantic family relationship with each other 1.Very soon, I depart be a big star in Bollywood, briny naumeed nahin hougni. (I lead not be disappointed) (July 16, 2006 D) 2. He is set to release some real interest films, which he describes as punch-drunk word-paintings, aaj kal expert fims ka zamana hai. (Now-a-days people like happy movies) (December 11, 2005 D) 3. I cannot make new friends. principal(prenominal)(prenominal) buri, mairai dausti burai. (I am bad, association with me is bad) Thats all (March 25, 2007 D) exchangeordinated clauses Urdu promoterd clauses are also use in Pakistani English, which is a in truth important aspect of inter-sentential code-switching.The rank conjunction is not everlastingly in the language of the clause that it introduces. twain Urdu and English rank conjunctions are utilize to join chief(prenominal) and auxiliaryd clauses. We can clear up this section to two important broad categories 1. Urdu hooked clauses with an English principal(prenominal) clause 2. English assistant clauses with a Urdu important clause Firstly, we testament look at the occurrence of the Urdu low-level clauses with an English princ ipal(prenominal) clause. Urdu footslogger clauses with an English briny clause disparate Urdu conquer word clauses are implant in the English sentences in Pakistani English.The pursual two kinds of Urdu pendant clauses restrain been found in Pakistani English 1. The noun clause 2. The adverb clause Noun clause The data exemplified in this section pull up stakes show that a noun clause is a inhibit clause that does the work of a noun in a abstruse sentence. It can be employ in Pakistani English as 1. The battlefield of a verb 2. The accompaniment of a verb 3. The object of a preposition In the following example, the switched Urdu noun clause has been apply as the subject of an English verb 1. Sub vamoosech chalet hai is their dictum. (June 12, 2005 D) alone is make up is their dictum.Most of the times, a switched noun clause acts as a support of an English verb. here are some examples 1. To punctuate the point he added is master(prenominal) light ki koi baat na hin hai. (December 25, 2005 D) To emphasize the point he added there is nonentity scientific in this. 2. He got all involved up and asked acha aap begum commondo hai. (October 30, 2005 D) He got all mixed up and asked well. You are Mrs. biddingo. 3. I get looks from them all and a correspond verbalise aap aagay aa jain. (October 09, 2006 D) I get looks from them all and a lucifer verbalise you come in front please. 4. She couldnt put up the bohat aachi movie hai. May 29, 2005 D) She couldnt pass up its the actually stovepipe movie. In the examples below, the switched Urdu clause has been use as an object of an English preposition. 1. No one at the CCB was unstrained to regularise any function take away that is ka order ooper se aya hai. (May 07, 2006 D) 2. No one at the CCB was unforced to say any thing object that we check orders from our seniors. 3. As they turned to me, I shrugged my elevate with a Bhai dekh lo, I am not carrying you wrinkle (November 2006 H) 4. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder joint with a blood brother you can see I am not carrying you purse.sometimes, its very interest to bloodline the use of an Urdu noun clause as a equilibrize of a verb of fractional predication. 1. The entire thing is that key bhaiya sab se bada rupaiya. (February 12, 2006 D) The whole thing is that bother, money is all. Adverb clause As we give seen through the above examples that the noun clause acts as a noun in thickening sentences, in the alike(p) way the function of an adverb clause is that of an adverb in complex sentences. In the following example, an Urdu adverb conditional clause has been imbed in the English sentence.However, the Urdu strung-out clause precedes the English important clause. The rank conjunction is in Urdu, whereas the clause that follows it is in English 1. Aap ko kissi cheez sey string section ketney hoon, to its scoop out to run from it. (June 26, 2005 D) If you want to cut the cord off, th en its outstrip to run from it. English infantryman clauses with Urdu briny clause In some cases, English clause is subordinate to an Urdu primary(prenominal) clause. In the following example the English noun clause is joined with the Urdu main clause through the English subordinate conjunction that. 1.Mujhe shikayat hai that we are not making history. (July 31, 2005 D) I acquit a bang that we are not making history. In the example below, the English conditional clause is subordinate to the Urdu main clause. In this example, the English subordinate clause precedes the Urdu main clause 1. The legal philosophy asked both of us to place things in the midst of ourselves. Because if it becomes speak to case, then mamla lamba ho jaiga. (February 19, 2006 D) The patrol asked both of us to strike things mingled with ourselves. Because if it becomes a hook case, then it will be a lengthy process. Repetitions and other switches manytimes, Urdu phrases or clauses are use still a s the rep take of an English phrase or clause. The draw a bead on of this type of switching is to give emphasis. However, in spoken it is used to address different audiences. 1. choose care, apna bahut khayal rakhiya ga. (December 18, 2005 D) 2. They yelled for his execution. dosage ko phansy do. (October 02, 2005 D) 3. Feroz was very drunk. Usko chad gayi thi. (May 07, 2006 D) 4. He ruling that Geeta Bali was the girl of a certain Dr. Bali,a tooth doctor in Aligarh, who was shock when one day, Sikandar asked him Aap ki sahabzadi kaisi hain? (Hows your little girl? (November 2006 H) In some cases, Urdu clauses are used to plagiarize maxim and proverb or some other person in Pakistani English. Here are some examples 1. My straighten cunctation is one thing that repels the bang of the world but they say sabar ka phal meetha ( longanimity has its reward) (January 22, 2006 D) 2. blab about lakkar hazam, pathar hazam (very mesomorphic and digestive stomach), they deserve a batsman deal, if only for their patience in eating such mush day after day. (October 2006 M) 3. He gave the example of the phrase auratein bhot bolteen hain (females are very talkative). grand 07, 2005 D) 4. She was very touched(p) and impressed, curiously when the host express these words baaji, mehman sey paisay nahin letay (sister, we dont charges from guests). (July 17, 2005 D) 5. She open the Q and A school term by axiom aab act aap ki goon main hai (Now all depends on you). (May 29,2005 D) goal The data and examples presented in this paper turn up that code-switching affects Pakistani English at the phrase and clause level and Pakistani English has its strange features. This paper has shown the variations in English syntax when it is used in a non-native context i. . Pakistan. This paper shows that in code-switching some(prenominal) traces of native language can be notice on the outside(prenominal) language. The grammatical usage of Urdu language on English is manifest here in the above mentioned examples. Some linguists are of the picture that there is no language that has not been under mold of another language. English is no censure in this regard. several(prenominal) changes are winning place in the English language. separated languages are high-mindedly met in the global village. Bilingualism or multilingualism is a characteristic feature of modern society.According to Wardhaugh (1998 100) Command of only a single variety of language, whether it be a dialect, dash or register, would appear to be an passing rare phenomenon, one likely to function comment. 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