The Effects Of Pre Kindergarten Programs On Public Schools

Brain development is most rapid in the first five years of life. Educators, economists, business leaders, and politicians all agree that high-quality early learning programs are a key factor in improving a child’s educational and social development for many years to come. These stakeholders are aware that children need the appropriate intervention in order to make meaningful gains across a variety of domains and succeed successfully in their academic development and achievement. They are mindful that providing pre-kindergarten services to children who are at-risk for learning can have a positive effect on future endeavors both in short and long-term circumstances. A review of literature will be conducted in order to show the impact that pre-kindergarten programs affiliated with public schools in Pennsylvania. A history of pre-kindergarten programs and initiatives will be provided and explored. The significance of prekindergarten programs will be researched and landmark preschool programs and studies will be emphasized. In closing, a review of the research between prekindergarten and the benefits it affords in both short and long-term aspects will be provided. History of Pre-kindergarten Programs and Initiatives Landmark studies on effects of attendance in a pre-kindergarten program There are four major early childhood intervention programs that offer evidence that pre-kindergarten programs are effective. These programs began when theShow MoreRelatedThe Need For Universal All Day Pre Kindergarten1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Need for Universal All Day Pre-Kindergarten in Texas Many Texans agree that high quality pre-k can no longer be considered a luxury for upper income families or a special program for the disadvantaged. Based on various studies conducted on children s brain development during these crucial years, pre-k has become just as necessary as kindergarten or first grade. Currently, nearly half of all kindergarten teachers report that their children have problems that hinder their success. ChildrenRead MoreEssay On Early Childhood Education1498 Words   |  6 Pages Early childhood educators teach students within pre-school programs, kindergarten programs and ultimately through the second grade. Educators influence our children in order to become fully prepared for the future generation. It has been stereotyped that these educators may teach simple topics; however, these particular concepts are the fundamentals toward a child’s emotional and academic growth. 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Thus the movement began because this new working-class woman wanting more for their toddlers than just daycareRead MoreSchool Wide Achievement Effects On Children1621 Words   |  7 Pag essort of early childhood education program, because that is the most critical time for your child and you want them to get a better start in school and life going forward. In this paper we look at multiple studies done regarding ECE programs. Some of them followed people onto adult while others just did to elementary school. This study was done by people at the University of Missouri. By doing this study they were trying to see how much school-wide achievement effects the relationship between early childhoodRead MoreEducational Budget Cuts: Denying Students the Opportunity for Potential1599 Words   |  7 Pageseducational and environmental protection program funding, the elimination of state jobs, and cuts in economic and community development. Also affected by the budget cut will be the Department of Public Welfare in Mental Health Services, where 1,500 jobs are going to be eliminated (Public Welfare Funding). However, the highest budget cuts will be in the area of public education, with K-12 and higher education funding being reduced by about 1.6 billion dollars. Each school district in the Commonwealth of PennsylvaniaRead MoreAspects Of Education Voucher Programs702 Words   |  3 Pagesof an overall government free market package introduction. This approach included fully subsidised, privately r un and unregulated voucher schools introduced within the system. These schools could ultimately compete with municipality-run public schools in all middle class and low-income metropolitan neighborhoods. Evidence on the outcomes of the voucher program indicated there was some significant social and economic issues resulting. Firstly, total spending on education (including parental contributions)Read MoreHow Much School Wide Achievement Effects The Relationship Between Early Childhood Education And Performance1368 Words   |  6 Pagessee how much school-wide achievement effects the relationship between early childhood education and performance in reading and math in fifth graders. The question they wanted to answer was, â€Å"Do ECE program participants have better achievement in fifth grade than others who were not in an ECE program?† They sampled children were first-time or repeat kindergarteners, kids who did not complete the first assessment in English, children who needed special education, and had moved schools recently. TheyRead MoreThe Role Of Schools In Early Childhood Education1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of schools in early childhood education is that they should present high quality free and universal education. Schools should be providing children with the opportunity to attend Pre-K as well as Kindergarten. According to Erlbaum (1983), â€Å"Children who attend preschool are less often retained in grade and placed in special education, and they more often graduate from high school.† Enrolling a child in a Pre-K program introduces children to the academic skills that are a necessity when transitioning

Fremont High School By Jonathan Kozol - 871 Words

Emmanuel Onwuka PROF. Nawrocki ENGL100-18 November 18, 2014 FREMONT HIGH SCHOOL BY JONATHAN KOZOL Schools lacking social utilities that are needed to promote the academic status of its students is an issue. Whether these benefits should be kept opened or closed is widely debated in most societies. The condition of such schools is an important issue because it determines the future of its students academically. Some issues facing schools include social, public and economic issues; this essay will consider arguments concerning the social, public and economical causes of this problem through the use of Jonathan Kozol s FREMONT HIGH SCHOOL, which was written to expose the poor conditions in Fremont high school and seek in the improvement of the school system. In his essay, Kozol identified Fremont high school as a public school that has over a thousand students enrolled but does not have a convenient environment suitable for learning. Some classes are taught in portables or storage rooms and they do not even have windows and th is is where the students are being taught. Students are given inadequate time to eat and rest for breaks before continuing with their classes and some students do not bother to eat. Rodents run freely in Fremont high. Hamburger buns have rat bite marks and rat droppings have been found around the school. At Fremont only one or two bathrooms are operational and there are fifteen bathrooms short that are required by theShow MoreRelatedFremont High School By Jonathan Kozol879 Words   |  4 Pageswriting Fremont High School by Jonathan Kozol he discusses the reality of urban schools and how they are unable to obtain the proper education. At Fremont High School children are not always able to eat during their lunch period, the proper education needed for college is not obtained, the school reflects institutional discrimination, and the building is overcrowded limiting course offerings for children. Kozol shares his experiences with students and teachers while visiting Fremont High SchoolRead MoreFremont High School Discussion Essay599 Words   |  3 Pagesgrateful. When I read Jonathan Kozols Fremont High School, this these feelings were even more reassured. Here in his writing, Kozol shares his experiences with students and teachers while visiting Fremont High School in Los Angeles, California. From the beginning, Kozol set the mood for the piece by describing the lackluster conditions of the buildings. He described the lack of sufficient classroom space by saying that nearly a third of all the classrooms in the school, were located in portablesRead MoreJonathan Kozol Outlook On South Central Los Angeles Schools989 Words   |  4 PagesJonathan Kozol Outlook on South Central Los Angeles Schools â€Å"Windowless and nasty classrooms, retarded courses, no air conditioning and can we talk bathrooms?† As citizens, the conflicts and the issues that our society deals with every day should bring awareness and a call to take action. For instance, Jonathan Kozol came up with a plan to bring consciousness to his readers by writing an article about the struggles of the Fremont High School students, in which problems such as overcrowded classroomsRead MoreThe Education of the Lower Class: A Perpetual Problem Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who have something’† (697). Yet it appears to be opposite that those who are in this lower class realize the plight they suffer. As one student from Fremont High School noted, â€Å"‘The owners of the sewing factories need laborers. Correct†¦It’s not going be their own kids†¦ You’re ghetto,’ said Fortino unrelentingly to her. ‘So Sew!’†(Kozol 645). The student who kn ew that he was more than likely to be stuff in his place was willing to point out this fault of the system. This topic which more thanRead MoreJonathan Kozol’s Fremont High School Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Kozol’s Fremont High School Schools lacking social utilities that are needed to promote the academic status of its students is an issue. Whether these utilities should be kept opened or closed is widely debated in most communities.  The condition of such schools is an important issue because it determines the future of its students academically.  Some issues  facing schools include social, public and economical issues; this  essay will consider arguments concerning the social, public andRead MoreStudents Should Not Be Divided Based On Their Ability872 Words   |  4 PagesStudents are subjected to in-proper education; as well as, harsh and unhealthy environment at school. The educational system has failed to adequately provide the best quality education to the students. In turn, leaving both the students and parents with uncertainty of a prosperous education. If I were to change the education system I will begin with students of K-12 attending public schools; and the changes I would propose. In additio n, teachers need a different way of educating students; were theyRead MoreThe Inequality And Segregation Of The Public Educational System Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesthe obstacles that are faced in life. It has enabled community members to prosper both socially and economically. However, in America, a nation that is the world’s superpower, fails to provide proper and equal education to its children. Many public schools across America lack the proper funding, qualified teachers, and necessities. The people affected by these problems belong in low-income communities and are minorities. Many have taken their voices to shine light on this issue. Writers such as Michael

Violent Films and Links to Aggression Free Essays

Social psychology theorizes that prolonged exposure to television and films is having a very noticeable effect on the generations of people growing up in front of the television.   Conrad Kottak expresses this point with reference to the post-modern classroom: research conducted into American classrooms since the 1950’s has helped Kottak conclude that students who have grown up with the television and films have learned to duplicate the behaviours learned in front of the TV in other areas of their lives. Students in successive generations in the American classroom have begun to treat their classes and professors the same way they do their television, with none of the traditional sense of respect (Spradley and McCurdy 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Violent Films and Links to Aggression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Studies of Japanese television show a similar story when it comes to the relationship between exposure to film and behaviour in society.   The television series Selfish Women portrays the lives of several successful business women in Japan; the title is meant as a reference to how such woman are perceived in real life. Van Esterik, Van Esterik and Miller believe that this television show has picked up on a small trend in non-traditional Japanese households and that after airing it has begun to influence a wider range of women and other viewers who are mimicking behaviours learned from the program (2001). In Social Psychology, the authors suggest that like the cases in Japan and the American classroom, violent films are having an impact on the behaviours of people all over the world (Brehn, Kassim and Fein 2005).   So is there a real correlation between exposure to violence on television and in films and aggression in people? Barker and Petley believe that this is indeed the case, and argue that it is very important for viewers, especially children, to understand that the story portrayed on film is simply fiction; when no real connection is made with real life they believe that viewers are far less likely to actually carry over the violence from a movie into their own lives (Barker and Petley 2001). In Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate (Ibid.) the text relates to the relationship between violence in all media forms and aggression in people.   With focus on film violence, what is the proof of such a correlation? Adolescence, a Sociological Approach explains it in terms of comprehensive study results. When compared with a control group of adults, another group of those who have viewed on average more violent television and movies were twice as likely to act in an aggression fashion when provoked (Sebald 1968). There is a very real connection between viewing violence on screen and acting it out in real life, and Sebald suggests that this is because an adult who is exposed to such media images will lose the natural inhibition to overcome violent tendencies.   In seeing these acts of violence on screen with little or no consequence, children grow to believe that this is how the real world perceives violence: as necessary, inconsequential and even ‘cool’. Social psychological theory like this penetrates other fields of study as well as sociology or psychology since people are increasingly concerned with the levels of violence found both in movies and out on the streets of the world. Researchers have worked to prove a link between the two but struggle when it comes to thinking of comprehensive solutions to the rising violence issues.   Does the solution simply lie in the removal of violent images from movies?   Garry (1993) doesn’t think it is as simple as this. The problem with trying to censor violent images on television and in films is that there is no controlling where the censorship ends.   What is to stop censors from targeting true images on news reports or documentaries, something that is already happening on some networks? Garry suggests that this is a superficial attitude, and while it might seem the easy solution to concerned citizens, researchers need to look deeper to find the real issues surrounding the spreading violence in society.   Garry points out how the Western value of free speech is always the first to be called into question when it comes to issues like violence, ethics and morality. While violence in movies does have an indisputable link to aggression in adults, people are forgetting that the people affected by these images negatively are not actually the ones who created it.   What societal issues led the writers and producers of violent films to express themselves in this way? Researchers like Garry wonder if it is due to an early oppression of character in the previous generations and in fact nothing primarily to do with film at all.   If you delve further into the societal issues like oppression, child abuse, broken families, poverty and poor education, it is possible that these are the real causes of violence in film, and subsequently, higher instances of violence and aggression in individuals who are exposed to these media images. While statistics do correlate aggression to violence in film, these studies are merely scratching the surface of the entire problem. References Barker, M, and Petley, J (eds.), 2001, Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate, Routledge, New York. Brehm, S, Kassin, S fein, S, 2005, Social Psychology, Houghton Mifflin. Garry, Patrick, 1993, An American Paradox: Censorship in a Nation of Free Speech, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Miller, B; Van Esterik, P; Van Esterik, J 2001, Cultural Anthropology, Canadian Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Toronto. Sebald, Hans, Adolescence: A Sociological Analysis, 1968,   Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. How to cite Violent Films and Links to Aggression, Papers

Jazz Age free essay sample

Jazz Age, also known as the roaring twenties, came about. The Jazz Age occurred when the economy of America was in its prime, before the tragedy of the Stock Market Crash and Great Depression. The Jazz Age brought forth gallants female suffrage leaders, writers, and musicians, each Influencing a different class of people In society. Jazz was created In the twentieth century by a group of African American musicians from New Orleans (Teach). They took the rhythms and melodies of their ancestors and westernizes them to form what we now call Jazz (Teach).These alienated men then moved to Chicago and other American cities sharing their newfound music with the people (Teach). Around the time jazz was created, racism was very prominent, but as Carols Weatherboard said, Racism ripped America at the seams, and Jazz stitched the nation together one song at a time (Faberge). Jazz had many generations that progressed from swing, bebop, cool Jazz and hard bop, to fusion (Burner). The high-spirited attitude and hedonism simply could not find a place amid the economic hardships of the sass. Prohibition was the political forbearance of producing, transporting and selling alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment was imposed in 1917 and was abolished in 1933. It was known as the National Prohibition Act. This act was enforced by the government assuming that it would help reduce criminal actions like homicide, assault and battery. Furthermore they hoped to reduce poverty and to improve economy and the quality of life.The Great Migration refers to the widespread migration of African Americans in he 20th century from rural communities in the South to large cities in the North and West. At the turn of the 20th century, the vast majority of black Americans lived in the Southern states. From 1916 to 1970, during this Great Migration, it is estimated that some 6 million black Southerners relocated to urban areas in the North and West. African Americans moved north to escape the rural poverty and racial prejudice of the Jim Crow South, and to find better work opportunities in northern industrial cities like Chicago, Detroit and New York City.

Mark Twain Racist Or Realist Essays - Picaresque Novels,

Mark Twain Racist Or Realist Mark Twain, Racist or Realist? Introduction This paper examines Mark Twains work to determine whether or not he was racist. Racism is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as the belief that one race is superior to others. Unfortunately the issue of race isnt black or white. There are many shades of gray in racism and even the most progressive thoughts of old seems conservative as progress enlightens new levels of thought. During his time, Twain was a forward thinking author who championed many causes, one of them being fair treatment of the downtrodden and oppressed. The only example of potential racism is his treatment of the Goshoot Indians in Roughing It. The main body of his work points to innovative anti-racist themes. Even if one admits that Twain fosters some derogatory stereotypes labeling his work scabrous, unassimiable, and perhaps unteachable to our own time is shortsighted and revisionist. Even if Twain was racist the process of learning is supposed to combat backwards teaching from our past through exposition and discussion (Wonham 40). I even learned from Mein Kampf and objections to Mark Twains potential racism pale in comparison to Hitlers crimes against humanity. Mark Twain certainly wasnt as politically correct as contemporary newsmen or politicians but his primary occupation was as a satirist. Even today successful comedians, from Saturday Night Live to The Tonight Show, use techniques similar to Twains irony, satire and burlesque. Every serious Twain scholar knows of Twains reputation as a burlesque humorist/satirist as well as his anti-imperialist and anti-religious tendencies. The scholar must be careful when labeling or categorizing Twains work because of his frequent use of sarcasm but Twain definitely liked blacks and abhorred slavery. His treatment of Natives and the Chinese was questionable when looked at apart from his work as a whole, but he slammed the white race more mercilessly than he ever condemned any other race. Sadly, the cynical and sarcastic Mark Twain can never be fully understood because only he knew what thoughts he was trying to convey. Twain often used burlesques to get a point across by showing the ignorant how ignorant they actually are. In Huck Finn, Twain linked religion and slavery by showing how the former can pervert knowledge and cause acceptance of the latter over objections of conscience. When Huck is born again, he forgets his vow to aid Jim, and his euphoria as being born again resembles the feeling of being light as a feather that he experiences after deciding to turn Jim over to the slave-catchers (Fulton 83). This commentary is as much about the sorry state of slavery as it is about slaverys Biblical foundation. James L. Johnson dedicated Mark Twain and the Limits of Power to outlining how, like Emerson, Twains solipsism is a fundamental ingredient in much of [his] best work (Johnson 8). Twains characters had or wanted an extraordinary ability to dominate the worlds in which they find themselves (Johnson 1). Twain had little faith in a Christian God so he put more faith in the self. Johnson also thought Twains bitterness increased as he unearthed that the larger and more masterful the Self became, the less benevolent he was likely to be (Johnson 7). Although Twains life was common because it had limits he envisioned a character who might not have to make those accommodations, a hero who might break out of the prison of limitations into a brighter life (Johnson 187). Frustration with the world, hence a caustic temperament, arose as time wore on but Twain never lost sight and hoped for mastery over it and freedom (Johnson 189). In 1907 Bernard Shaw remarked to Archibald Henderson that, Mark Twain and I find ourselves in the same position. We have to make people, who would otherwise hang us, believe that we are joking (Clemens 5). This point is well illustrated by the fearless Twain in this excerpt from Mark Twains Jest Book: In the spring of 1899, I was one of a crowd of some 1200 who attended at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York to hear a lecture on his adventures in the South Africa War given by a Lieutenant of Huzzars, one Winston Churchill

Michael Klare Journal Responses Essay

Michael Klare Journal Responses Essay Michael Klare Journal Responses Essay Michael Klare Journal Responses Essay 1. Michael Klare describes what he calls a new â€Å"Thirty Years War† that is now developing that has similar outlines of the earlier conflict (1618 – 1648) discussed in class. What are some of the similarities and differences between the two? According to Michael Klare the most important future problem on our planet will be connected with the energy pre-eminence. Such fuels as coal and oil will plummet as those, which contaminate the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. As a result of the impossibility to preserve the existing level of energy output, there will begin a struggle between the energy supplying corporations. According to his prediction the contest between those, which supply different forms of energy to humanity, will put some countries into a dominating position but have a devastating effect on the others. Marking out such energy resources, which would replace oil and coal, as natural gas, nuclear power, wind and solar, biofuels and algae, hydrogen, and some other, which are unknown yet, he believes that the future competing technologies would define the fate of the nations. Therefore, the reason for the war will be not only profitability of the winners, but also the survival of the nations, unlike the Thirty Year s War of 1618-1648, which was entailed by the territory claims. Though the brutal conflicts, which took place between the European countries at the period from 1618 to 1648, have brought much bloodshed, which will not be brought by the energy contest, Klare draws a parallel between these two events because both should be momentous for the future. The struggle between the vital resources will cause the armed violence and, consequently, numerous environmental disasters on the planet. Another common feature between the two events is its endurance of thirty years, exactly this much are necessary for the experimental energy systems to fullscale the industrial development. Nevertheless, if the old â€Å"Thirty Years War† resulted in the Treaty of Westphalia it is difficult to predict the results of the new one. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the winners will profit enormously and define the way the people on the Earth will live while the losers will be disremembered. 2. Concerning the text reading and the film, do you agree with Machiavelli that it is better for the Prince to be parsimonious, rather than generous? Feared or loved? Do you agree or disagree with his analysis of leadership with regard to our foreign policy towards Iran? The power of the country is a great responsibility, and, I support Machiavelli’s idea that state leaders and politicians must consider the final result more important than the means. The actions of the ruler must contribute the overall goals on the national or international level rather than consider the details. Moreover, it is widely known that the better decisions are mostly made when the mind is cold and calculating; therefore, I believe that the ruler should always calculate the positive and negative aspects of the decision and, finally, make a decision. The emotions rarely lead to making the right choice; therefore, compassion and generosity are not good advisors for a leader. Moreover, I also agree that fear of punishment is more effective than love. If a diligent Christian must be generous and filled with love, it necessary to emphasize that such model of behavior is not appropriate to ruling a big country. Consequently, it is better for the Price to be parsimonious ra ther than generous and feared rather than loved. Such priorities are more likely to bring the country to stability and order, which is to be the main aim of the Prince. Love and respect of the population is less important. Nevertheless, it is worth to avoid cruelty if there is a possible way to do it, and the first aim should not be harmed because of it. Regarding the foreign policy of the US towards Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the primary aim of the United States is to prevent the nuclear weapons falling into the hand of the terrorists. Iran is one of the most volatile regions in the world; therefore, if it gets the nuclear power, this nation can become even more aggressive and bring impunity to the cruel terroristic acts. Consequently, according to Obama it is appropriate to use the most crippling sanctions towards Iran and, to my mind, such position is right because on such example preventing the growth of terrorism and disposing it from the peaceful i nhabitants must be the primary aim of the leaders. 3. Do you believe that Keohane’s use of the phrase â€Å"informal violence† is a useful alternative to the term terrorism? Has the term terrorism become too politicized to be useful as an analytical term? If so, why? Acts of terrorism are shocking, hurtful and can influence different societies. One of such examples described by many researchers, among which one can find Robert Keohane, is the one, which took place in the US on September, 11, 2001. Numerous scholars try to find out the reasons, which can explain the terrorism and ways to avoid it. Referring to Keohane’s point of view, using the term â€Å"terrorism† does not contribute to the right representation of the problem. The term â€Å"informal violence† is used to free the notion of terrorism from the negative connotation, which hinders one to understand and analyze it properly. He marks out that this connotation makes people doubtful about highlighting the difference between terrorism acts as enemies’ ones and not their own ones. This proves that the term â€Å"terrorism† has become too politicized and negatively marked. At the same time the analytically neutral term â€Å"informal violence† is m ore likely to be defined as deliberately targeted attacks on civilians, aimed to frighten other people. Such definition pushes one to reflect on the reasons, which can possibly cause the above mentioned attacks. Robert Keohame, for instance, regards globalization as the factor, which carries terrorism while the underlying reasons can be not only cultural hate, but also jealousy to what the others have It is also important to pay attention to the implications of the formal and informal violence globalization as the formal violence one is profound for traditional foreign policy conceptions in the earlier generation while the informal one is peculiar for the latest attacks on the peaceful citizens. Moreover, the word â€Å"informal† in the chosen phrase acknowledges that the violence is not wielded by the formal state institutions, but is unexpected and sudden. Consequently, this highlights the difference between formal and informal actions and defines the origin of the terroris tic acts as those of non-state actors. 4. How does Lenin explain the evolution of imperialism from capitalism? The transition from capitalism to imperialism has happened in the end of the nineteenth century – beginning of the twentieth century. One of the most important features, which differs these two economic systems is free competition, which is a characteristic of the first one, and domination of the extensive monopolistic capital, which does not exclude, but complicates the free competition, in imperialism. According to Lenin the imperialism is not a new way of manufacturing, but a special, â€Å"high† stage of capitalism. The basic capitalistic manufacturing methods are also efficient in imperialism, but some new essential features appear. The first is the concentration of production and of capital has attained the level, where the monopolies, which play a definitive role in the economic life of the country, are created. The second feature is that bank capital shares with the industrial one, and, as a result, a new financial capital of the financial oligarchy appears. One more definitive feature is that the export of the capital unlike the export of goods becomes exceptionally important by the monopolistic production. The next one is the division of the whole world by monopolistic unions of capitalists. The last definitive feature is that the territory division by the biggest capitalistic countries is finished. Nevertheless, Lenin has finally come to the conclusion that imperialism can be regarded as a dying capitalism. The further historical events have proven that he was right about it. The main reasons of the decline of this economic system were the numerous contradictions, which have brought imperialism to the uttermost limits. The labors oppression by the monopolistic capital is the central contradiction of capitalism and, therefore, imperialism. The number of exploiters, who plunder and depress not only the working class, but also the middle class, the lower middle class, decreases while the number of the labor class increases. As a result, th e young developing countries stand against the imperialistic ones; and the national liberation movement, which leads to imperialism decline, is originated. 5. According to Tickner, why does a feminist perspective on international relations continue to remain outside the mainstream of traditional approaches to IR theory? How would a feminist analysis of global terrorism differ from that of a realist? According to Tickner’s view the gender discourses play a great role in creating the hostile atmosphere and reinforcing it in the world politics. Though some terroristic leaders labeled the US as â€Å"feminized†, the American citizens mostly do not think so. Moreover, many scholars and politicians even do not understand the gender theory properly and finally do not refer to it by handling the conflicts. Most of the conflicts on the international level are managed with â€Å"a masculine approach†, or â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† as Tickner calls it. The gender identity is mostly associated with an accepted type of behavior. Men are encoded to be reasonable, powerful, independent and strong; women should be vulnerable, weak, passive, and bring peace. These are the identifying characteristics, which are regarded by Tickner as unfair and erroneous. Such stereotype of masculine behavior does not coincide with the real one and the feministic approach tends to qu estion such gender coding, which is taken for granted, but in reality is not the truth. The war in Iraq or the acts of terrorism are also regarded by her as a masculine approach. Though the military response is regarded as masculine approach, female representatives also supported this war. Nevertheless, the feminists doubt about comprehending the war with terrorism as the fight of the good against the evil. The dichotomous thinking is apprehended as quite problematic by the feminists as ambiguity is considered by them as quite dangerous. Regarding the terrorism from the feministic point of view it is important to emphasize that killing of innocent people must be brought to justice. Regarding the feminist geopolitics it important to mark out that the state security and militarization are regarded as the main point, which would help to keep peace in the country and as such approach is critical and does not provide a new political or geography theory, but the alternative view on the pr oblems from another point of view. 6. Fukuyama contends in â€Å"The West Has Won† that radical Islam does not constitute a serious alternative to Western liberal democracy. Do you agree or disagree? Why? According to Fukuyama’s view, which has been challenged by many scholars, the evolutionary process regarding liberal democracy and free markets is not going to bring the world to something larger than the end. This means that, as a result, only one system will dominate in the world politics, and this system is the modern western liberal democracy. I support his view, and find many of his arguments quite logical, philosophical, and, finally, correct. The existing economic systems are closely connected with the cultures of the countries; therefore, two different examples should be marked out – the Islamic and the Christian one. Regarding their opposition on the example of the modern US and Iraq society, it is essential to highlight that the representatives of the Muslim community are obviously more cruel, aggressive and inclined to terrorism. On the contrary, for the Christians democracy and sympathy towards others can be marked out as the highest values, which make peopl e more kind and supportive.   As the most successful attacks on the global capitalism were evidently committed by the Islamic extremists â€Å"the clash of civilizations† described by Huntington is not likely to have place because two cultural groups, which are so different are not likely to co-exist in one community peacefully. Nevertheless, if the Muslims radically review their views, it is possible to change the lifestyle of their community. Regardless the success of the radical Islam in some cases, the representatives of it have no appeal to dispose the liberal form of living as nowadays there exist many examples, which prove that a great part of the younger Islamic generation already prefers to have a similar to western lifestyle. At the same time there exist no data about the American inhabitants, who support the behavior of the Muslim community representatives. Though many people do not support the policy of the US, this does not make them angry and violent, only sym pathizing the soldiers, who go on missions and sometimes even the terrorists. 7. What are some of your thoughts and observations on the Weimberg / Ryan documentary? How does it support, or undermine, the tenets of human nature or cognitive theory? The documentary True Rarity: The Amazing Story of Irwin Weinberg was based on the historical event of 1980 described inThe New York Times. It tells the story of the entrepreneur Irwin Weinberg, who followed his dream and built a profitable career on selling stamps. From the first view, the story seems to tell about a single individual and chronicles of his life, and a rare British Guiana stamp, which was finally sold for $850,000 from the auction. However, it becomes obvious that the film emphasizes the life experience of the main hero and shows that it finally had a global influence on other’s deeds. The cognitive theory emphasizes that the internal thought process is of great importance for the behavior of the person, in the same way the documentary acknowledges this idea. Therefore, one can follow not only that the reflections of Irwin Weinberg has brought him to success, but also that the example of his story gives birth to the other’s thoughts, as a result, inspire s them to follow their dreams till the end and believe in luck. Showing how the man has built a career on selling various rare items and stamps let a person analyze how the plans can be fulfilled if one is ambitious and self-oriented. Consequently, it is possible to state that the documentary True Rarity: The Amazing Story of Irwin Weinberg depicts not only the story of some businessman, but human nature in general. It offers the view that people’s thoughts and, therefore, behavior and life are closely connected with various changes in the environment. Nevertheless, there exists self-control of a person, the inner world, which predetermines the behavior of an individual and the reaction on the outer-directed struggles and obstacles. Consequently, as it was shown in the documentary, the person makes the decisions according to his or her inner beliefs, and according to feelings as the main hero followed his dream, which shows that the documentary supports the cognitive theory o f human nature. 8. What does author Robin J. Crews mean by the phrase â€Å"images of truth†? What are the fundamental values associated with peace studies? Speaking about the peace studies comprehension at least three issues are of great importance: the prevention of war and violence, social change and community impact. The image of the world, which is more just and peaceful than the existing one, becomes a desirable eventual result of the studies. Referring to the international relations and sociology, peace movements and non-violent struggles become the means of fight against the negative social changes, wars, acts of terrorism, and must bring the positive results to the society and to its members. Nevertheless, the justice can not be ignored by these actions as it is one of the most fundamental values associated with peace. This concept is obviously very important when settling the conflicts, and makes one deal with the differences in views, beliefs between the individuals, and is closely connected with the notion of the moral obligations. Therefore, peace studies should to be aimed to contribute to people’s understanding of à ¢â‚¬Å"good† and â€Å"bad†, and show how the peace is built. Moreover, it is important to differentiate between the notions of â€Å"negative peace† and â€Å"positive peace†, which separate the types of violence. According to Galtung the term negative peace is referred to the â€Å"direct† violence and the absence of war while the term positive peace is referred to the presence of social justice and absence of â€Å"structural† violence. According to Crews the same terms can be replaced by â€Å"essential peace† and â€Å"shadows of peace†.   He also believes that different kinds of conflicts are to be learned on both interpersonal and global levels; this is the best way to perceive the truth. As he read lectures on peace studies to the students, he regarded the images as the best educational method. Consequently, the issues of justice, human rights, peace making and conflict resolution were regarded and analyzed on the life examples of his students. Such education of the peace fundamentals through â€Å"images of truth† is quite effective and widely available. live CHAT

Are New and Old EU Members Becoming More Financially Integrated A Essay

Are New and Old EU Members Becoming More Financially Integrated A Threshold Cointegration Analysis - Essay Example 1999; Fratzschner, 2001etc).This approach mainly uses the uncovered interest parity2 condition. The main limitation with this approach is that if data on financial instruments with similar characteristics are not available, then the interpretation of results based on the price or approach can be problematic. It is very difficult to get financial instruments of exactly similar characteristics in reality. Further, there is an argument that interest rate convergence need not necessarily occur in financially integrated markets. This is because of the possibility of similar response of the markets to common factors even under non-convergence of interest rates also (Poghoshyan and Hann, 2007). The second approach is based on the cross border flows of capital. This approach estimates quantitatively the various legal and other barriers, which may affect financial integration through different angles of the decision process regarding investment (Bekaert and Harvey,1995;Adam etal, 2002; Baele etal, 2004 etc). However, cross border capital flows need not always be indicators of financial integration only. It can be due to many other policies like monetary, fiscal, exchange rate policies and other circumstances (Eichengreen, 2003).In addition to this, according to European Commission (1997), the harmonization and coordination of various legal procedures for capital markets have become less important for their integration after the introduction of Euro. However, this is not the case for other financial markets according to the Commission. The third approach is based on the news-based indicators (Baele etal, 2004; Capiello etal, 2006). According to this, under integrated financial markets, the prices of financial instruments will be affected more by the global news than the local news. This is because there will be well diversification of portfolios in the financially